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The Toilet Yes...those tales youve heard are true.The toilet was first patented in England in 1775,invented by one Thomas Crapper, but theextraordinary machine rifle device called the flushtoilet has been around for a long time. da VinciDa Vinci in the 1400s designed one that worked,at least on paper, and Queen Elizabeth I reputablyhad one in her palace in Richmond in 1556,complete with flushing and everywhere lead pipes, a bowlvalve and a drain trap. In all versions, ancient andmodern, the working principle is the same. low-cal a single lever (the handle) sets in motion a series of actions. The trip handle lifts the seal,usually a rubber flapper, allowing wet to flowinto the bowl. When the tank is nearly empty, theflap falls back in moorage over the water topic. Afloating ball falls with the water take, opening thewater planning inlet valve fair as the outlet is beingclosed. Water flows through the bowl refill thermionic valveinto the bubble over pipe to replenish the trap sealingwater. As the water level in the tank nears the topof the overflow pipe, the float closes the inletvalve, finish the cycle. From the oldest ofgadgets in the bathroom, lets turn to one of thenewest, the toothpaste pump. Sick and tired oftoothpaste squeezed all over your sink andfaucets? Does your spouse never ever roll downthe tube and continually squeezes it in the middle?Then the toothpaste pump is for you When youpress the get-up-and-go it pushes an internal, grooved roddown the tube. Near the bottom of the rod is apiston, supported by little metal flanges called"dogs", which seat themselves in the grooves onthe rod. As the rod moves down, the dogs slideout of the groove theyre in and chew the fat into the oneabove it. When you release the button, the springbrings the rod back up carrying the piston with it,now seated one notch higher. This pushesone-notchs-worth of toothpaste out of the nozzle.A measured amount of toothpaste every time andno more soap on the s ink. Refrigerators Over 90percent of all North Ameri stool homes withelectricity have refrigerators. It seems to be theone appliance that North Americans can just notdo without. The machines popularity as a foodlife preserver is a relatively recent phenomenon,considering that the principles were known asearly as 1748. A liquid absorbs heat from itssurroundings when it evaporates into a gas a gasrelease... ...alone are sold every day in North America. Inkfeeds by gravity through five veins in a nose retinal cone,usually made of brass, to a tungsten carbide ball.During the report process, the ball rotates, pickingup a continuous ink supply through the nose coneand transferring it to the writing paper. The ball isa absolute sphere, which must fit precisely into theextremely smooth nose cone socket so that it willrotate freely yet be held tightly in place so thatthere is an even ink flow. Although it sounds deceivingly simple, perhaps the most amazingthing about ball-point pens is t he ink. Why doesntit just run out the end? Why doesnt it dry up in theplastic cartridge? Bic describes the ink as"exclusive, fast-drying, yet free rate of flow". Theformula is, of course, secret. In the 19th century,writer and thinker Ralph Waldo Emersonexpressed a fear that perhaps we all feel to someextent, that "things are in the saddle and rideMankind". But with the help of good sign of the zodiacreference books, friendly reference librarians, andhelpful manufacturers only too automatic to helpconsumers understand their products, we can atleast get a rein on the technology in our homes.