Pure Cultures Lab Essay Example for Free

Pure Cultures Lab Essay Introduction : Pure cultures are made of only one type of organisms and can be used to study their properties. A method used to isolate pure cultures is making a steak-plate, which is a dilution process in which culture is spread over an agar plate in a certain manner. Using a loop rod, culture was taken from the tube and dragged across area 1 several time,of the agar. The agar was then turned 90Â º, and the loop was flamed and cooled. Taking some culture from area 1, it was dragged over area two,and the same steps were done for areas 3 and 4. Another technique used was spread-plate, where the same culture is spread over the agar plate using a sterile L-shaped bent glass rod. The rod was dipped in 95% ethyl alcohol and flamed to sterlize. The nutrient agar was then placed on the plate, and spread with rod. An environmental plate was used to test the cultures of a random object, in our experiment, it was the ocular lens of a microscope. A cotton swab was dipped into sterile water, and a random item of our choice was swabbed. After mixing the swab back in the water, the contaminated water was applied to a spread plate. Results: See attached Discussion: All the plates were successful is isolating the pure cultures except the environmental. The reason for this may have been that there was no bacteria, due to the fact they had been recently cleaned. The slant agars were able to pick up on the bacteria to show the growth. The vial that had bright yellow bacteria growing was M.leuteus, showing the successful isolation and identification. Other vials that had M.Letues and S.marcescenes had a very slight shade of bacteria growth. Questions: 1. No because a when a broth culture is used, it has not been inoculated from a pure culture, the only way would be to use a streaking method or spread plate. A mix culture slant is hard to isolate, because bacteria is clumped together, getting a single colony is difficult. These may cause contamination to the bacteria during the inoculation period. 2. If there was more culture in quadrant 4 than 3, it is due to the loop being dragged back into quadrant 1. The nutrient agar that was in 1 came back to 4, and showed more culture.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Essay -- Post-traumatic stress

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a relatively new diagnosis that was associated with survivors of war when it was first introduced. Its diagnosis was met largely with skepticism and dismissal by the public of the validity of the illness. PTSD was only widely accepted when it was included as a diagnosis in 1980 in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) of the American Psychiatric Association. PTSD is a complex mental disorder that develops in response to exposure to a severe traumatic event that stems a cluster of symptoms. Being afflicted with the disorder is debilitating, disrupting an individual’s ability to function and perform the most basic tasks. Who gets PTSD? Post-traumatic stress disorder can develop at any age, from childhood years to adulthood with any cultural, social, and economic background. Any individual that goes through a particular traumatic event can experience great stress and anxiety that can then develop into a post-traumatic stress disorder. Protective service men and women, victims of rape, abuse, and torture, as well as victims of natural disasters, accidents are examples of a mass variety of individuals that are touched by the post-traumatic stress disorder. PTSD can be caused by witnessing or by being part of a traumatic event such as combat, torture, abuse, natural disaster, motor-vehicle accident and even a sudden loss of a loved one. Many factors play an important role to determining whether an individual is pre-disposed to PTSD. Risk factors are those that contribute to a person to have a higher prevalence of developing PTSD, while resilience factors help the individual to overcome trauma. Risk Factors Sin... ...of the individual to develop the disorder. Identification of individuals with PTSD is a complex decision to make, as there are many contributing factors for different people. However, treatments, prevention, and assessments of the disorder will be improved and enhanced in the near future. Works Cited Foa, E. B., Keane, T. M., Friedman, M. J., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Effective treatments for PTSD: practice guidelines from the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies (Second Edition ed.). New York: Guilford Press. Reyes, G., Elhai, J. D., & Ford, J. D. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Psychological Trauma. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Violanti, J. M., & Paton, D. (2006). Who gets PTSD?. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C Thomas. Wilson, J. P., Friedman, M. J., & Lindy, J. D. (2001). Treating psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press.

Operation Gomorrah Essay

â€Å"Operation Gomorrah† Ingram recalls her childhood experiences of war within her home city of Hamburg, Germany. The writing techniques and detailed descriptions within the autobiographical narrative reflect Ingram’s sensitive nature and the emotional link she has to her childhood because of this traumatic event. â€Å"I was eight years old and a respectful, obedient child. But one day in late July my mother asked me to do something and I disobeyed her, and I shall be forever glad that I did.†(Marione Ingram 123) Usually a boy who is only 8 years old should be naughty and mischievous. However, at the beginning of the story, the author tells us that he was thought to be a respectful, obedient child by others. The plot that Ingram does not want to sent his baby sister Renate to his cousin’s apartment (123) indicate that Ingram has his own thoughts, has his likes and dislikes. But he is so sensitive that he cares too much about what others think. He loves his mother, he does not willing to let her down. So, although he does not want to go outside from within, he tried (123). We can imagine that how much joy and pleasure of childhood he has lost to force himself to live up to this reputation to be respectful and obedient. This is too cruel to this little boy. But he was thrilled to be outdoors (123). At that moment, there must have been an intense internal conflict in his heart. On the one hand, he does not willing to destroy his reputation to be obedient as well as let his mother down, but on the other hand, he cannot manage to overcome his internal fears. After a struggle, he turned back and then began to hurry to home (123). When he thought back to the whole story, he found that if he had followed his mother’s direction to carry his baby sister to his cousin’s apartment and he himself stayed there, he would not have experienced the great disaster: the Operation Gomorrah. For the obedient child, he regrets for his whole life for that only one resist. His sensitive makes him a person who always thinks too much. That he always considers the feelings of others, regrets the past and be worried about the future makes him a shilly-shally and inner-turmoiled person. Ingram states â€Å"I pulled mother away from the stove, tugging first one limp arm and then the other. I managed to get her head and a shoulder into the  dining room†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (124) â€Å"I was sitting on the floor with her head in my lap, trying to think what to do, when coming from the bottom of the stairwell where I’d left the pram I could hear the faint sounds of my baby sister’s whimpering†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (124) â€Å"There were no air raids to disturb us, though I woke up often to see if she was still unconscious†¦ † (125). When his mother was ill, the 8-year-old lithe boy took the responsibility of taking care of his mother and his baby sister. His behavior described in this part gave me the feeling of unreal. He took care of his mother and baby sister so carefully that he can even hear the faint sounds of his baby sister’s whimpering from the bottom of the stairwell. He was worried about his mother and baby sister and tomorrow’s l ife, so he woke up often during that night. It is totally not like a little boy’s behavior. All of these plots indicate that Ingram has subtle nerves. He is sensitive to environment. â€Å"I looked at mother and I understood† (Marione Ingram 125). What did this little boy understand from two adults’ conversation? At first reading I do not understand what he got. But then I understood that Inge was reluctant to help them during that desperate situation. From Inge’s talk, emotion and action, he and his mother understood the key point. He is so smart and sensitive to things. His sensitivity inspires his thinking. He is good at observation and analysis. I have to admire the little boy’s understanding. But the little boy did not show any unhappiness or lose his temper about his cousin’s attitude. He was so quiet just keep his thought in his mind. As for the disaster, Marion Ingram used abundant detail description to show the chaos scene. He describes his former playmate like this â€Å"She was holding her favorite doll, holding it tight and turning slightly away as if she feared I might try to snatch it from her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (127). The description showed a girl’s behavior in desperate situation vividly. There are also many environmental descriptions during the bombing. â€Å"A false dawn lit the southeastern sky, rouging mother’s cheeks and painting the walls of buildings on our side of the street a lurid red†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (128). At one point between life and death, Ingram still have one part of his heart concerning his mothers’ emotion and remember forever. When he was in his mother’s arm, he was observing how other people trying to survive. â€Å"Then a woman carrying  an infant came running down the street along the same route we had taken. She was followed by a young man dressed in the khaki shorts and shirt of a Hitler Youth. I thought they must be fleeting from a bomb shelter that had been damaged, possibly the one mother had been heading for when we first left our apartment building†¦ † (131). There are abundant psychological and action descriptions. â€Å"I thought they must be fleeting from a bomb shelter that had been damaged†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (131). â€Å"I thought his difficulty might be the hot wind roaring down the avenue in front of us and almost expected to see him lifted up as he ran†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (131). â€Å"I thought I could hear their screams and ducked down into the crater with my eyes closed and my hands oter my ears.† (131). â€Å"When it seemed that I was about to suffocate, I pulled the blanket away and stuck up my head†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (131-132). â€Å"When I closed my eyes it felt as if we were lying between railroad tracks while an endless train rumbled over us so swiftly†¦Ã¢â ‚¬  (132). All these descriptions are so fine, specific and smooth that almost give us a movie picture. Sensitive and delicate as he is, he is able to remember every single detail, every change in emotion, every piece of his thought. In conclusion, Marione Ingram concludes abundant detail descriptions in this essay that even gave readers the feeling that this story is not his own story. In this way, the author shaped a sensitive character from different point of view. And because of his sensitive nature, he is also a shilly-shally person who always suffers intense inner struggle, he is a good thinker and observer which made him a good writer, he is a very kind person who would consider for others at every minutes.

Adam Smith and Karl Marx Essay - 831 Words

Adam Smith, the father of economics, published The Wealth of Nations in 1776. Although it made little impact in its time, it conceptualised the economy in a radical new way: in terms of individual agents, acting out of self-interest. From an individualist perspective, he argued that people produced goods in order to make money, and made money in order to purchase goods they valued most. The exchange takes place in a market, where prices are set according to costs and the demand for the good. This was a self-regulating system which he described it as being controlled as if by an invisible hand. In his system, labour was the final measure of valueÂâ€"wages (a cost) based on the needs of the worker, and rent on the productivity of land. The†¦show more content†¦Marx saw this development in capitalism as one which had a fundamental contradiction: it tries to squeeze more and more profits out of the consumers, who are also their labour, whom they are trying to pay less. As the worker became more exploited in this manner, Marx believed that the frustration would eventually be sufficient that workers would revolt, seizing tools, land, and produce to create a communist society. This class struggle itself became an engine for social change in his understanding of history. History for Marx was a dialectical materialist process: dialectical because it consisted of opposing forces, materialist in its emphasis on economics and politics. Through his conception of history, he believed one could then understand the nature of social change and how to effect it. Although his belief was only partially and unsuccessfully realised, this conception of production and its role in creating haves and have-nots was to have a lasting impact on economics and development studies. Many branches have drawn upon aspects of his ideas (and later Marxists) while rejecting some aspects. Clearly the formulation of class may have had applicability in the 19th century, but is a much more complicated matter today. At the same time, the identification of exploiter and exploited has helped to understand aspects of inequality that we find today. John Maynard Keynes (later Lord Keynes) would be the most influential economist at the time when developmentShow MoreRelatedKarl Marx And Adam Smith Essay1639 Words   |  7 PagesPresence of the Theories of Karl Marx Adam Smith Within the Canadian Economy Written by: Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Research: Ryan Salehi, Zack Izzeddin, David Moffett, Cameron Bernardo, Harrison Toms, Taha Mahmood, Anthony Alexiou, Jason Kothary, Zach Shafi, Sam Girma Kevin Sallaku Canada’s economy is one that exhibits a multitude of characteristics that adhere to the capitalist and socialist constructs of a mixed system. 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