Special Education Essay -- Health, Diseases, Autism

genderAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, quaternary Edition (DSM-IV, 1994), the category of disorders under which autism falls is pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Autism is often referred to as belong in a spectrum of disorders. Autism is a severe disorder of discourse and behavior. It is a lifelong disorder that usually appears during the first three years of life. It evanesces in most 15 in 10,000 births, ten percent are classically autistic, the most severe form of autism. Autism is four times more(prenominal) likely to occur in males than females and there is no known cause or heal for autism (Sullivan, cited in Sewell, 1998). Educational PlacementParents and counselings began to challenge the schools to provide their nipperren with the most appropriate education in the least restrictive environment (LRE) (Petch-Hoggan & Haggard, 1999). As defined by IDEA, the least restrictive environment provision requires that states assure that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities are educated with children without disabilities. Removal or separate schooling should only occur when the severity of the childs disability is such that the general curriculum cannot be modified to meet their educational needs (Sawyer, McLaughlin, & Winglee, 1994, p. 204). Parents of children with autism have rarely been asked their opinions more or less their ideal educational placement for their child (Kasari, Freeman, Bauminger, & Alkin, 1999). Parental opinions on the proper placement for their child vary greatly and often evoke a full(a) range of emotions. The decision to place students into full or part-time inclusive environments is often dependent on several factors. The severity or dia... ...ose to have more than two workshops per year, depending on both student need and availability of staff. It is important to consider the latter, as this would be an after school activity, hosted by a delegacy of v olunteer.Research supports the idea that such workshops would benefit students and their families in preparing for this difficult novelty. Eckes and Ochoa (2005) also believe workshops would especially help in preparing for postsecondary education. The main idea behind the transition committee is for a variety of individuals from both the school and community to work collaboratively in their efforts to advocate for students in special education and their families may be more comfortable with this process. When they have questions or concerns, there would be a team of trusted individuals that they could encounter comfortable turning to for help. Special Education Essay -- Health, Diseases, AutismGenderAccording to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV, 1994), the category of disorders under which autism falls is pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). Autism is often referred to as belonging in a spectrum of disorders. Autis m is a severe disorder of communication and behavior. It is a lifelong disorder that usually appears during the first three years of life. It occurs in approximately 15 in 10,000 births, ten percent are classically autistic, the most severe form of autism. Autism is four times more likely to occur in males than females and there is no known cause or cure for autism (Sullivan, cited in Sewell, 1998). Educational PlacementParents and advocates began to challenge the schools to provide their children with the most appropriate education in the least restrictive environment (LRE) (Petch-Hoggan & Haggard, 1999). As defined by IDEA, the least restrictive environment provision requires that states assure that, to the maximum extent appropriate, children with disabilities are educated with children without disabilities. Removal or separate schooling should only occur when the severity of the childs disability is such that the general curriculum cannot be modified to meet their educational ne eds (Sawyer, McLaughlin, & Winglee, 1994, p. 204). Parents of children with autism have rarely been asked their opinions about their ideal educational placement for their child (Kasari, Freeman, Bauminger, & Alkin, 1999). Parental opinions on the proper placement for their child vary greatly and often evoke a wide range of emotions. The decision to place students into full or part-time inclusive environments is often dependent on several factors. The severity or dia... ...ose to have more than two workshops per year, depending on both student need and availability of staff. It is important to consider the latter, as this would be an after school activity, hosted by a committee of volunteer.Research supports the idea that such workshops would benefit students and their families in preparing for this difficult transition. Eckes and Ochoa (2005) also believe workshops would especially help in preparing for postsecondary education. The main idea behind the transition committee is for a variety of individuals from both the school and community to work collaboratively in their efforts to advocate for students in special education and their families may be more comfortable with this process. When they have questions or concerns, there would be a team of trusted individuals that they could feel comfortable turning to for help.

Essay --

Of the many dynasties that make up chinas history, one of the most notable is the Han Dynasty, which lasted from 206 BCE to 220 CE, under the rule of numerous emperors. It made many contributions to Chinas history and made long-lasting changes, some of which remained for millennia following the dynastys collapse. They made changes to Chinas economy, technology, social order, religion, philosophy, and education that revolutionized the way China operated. Also, as the Han Dynasty expanded greatly during its rule, many of the territory that the dynasty conquered became part of what would later be modern day China. These changes helped to shape the country that China became.One of the major lasting effects was the Han Dynastys changes to the economy. The Han Dynasty expanded their influence throughout the land and made improvements in many products made in China, including silk, iron, and textiles, as well as inventing paper. As stated in the article, Great Journeys of China The Silk R oad, at the order of Emperor Wudi, courtier General Zhang Qian travelled to the regions western ...

Cultural Differences in The Regions of Japan Essay -- Geography Cultur

Cultural Differences in The Regions of Japan Japan is a country do from four major islands. Though its area is small, each region has different tastes. The country has the population of 123.6 millions according to the 1990 census, or 2.5 % of the world total, and it is the seventh most live nation according to The Cambridge cyclopaedia of Japan.(5, p.25). Japanese political and economical world power has been one of the success stories of the twentieth century. Though small in geographical area, its popularity is the seventh greatest its inhabitants crowd themselves into an area the size of the state of Montana or California in the United States. Its natural resources are almost non-existent however, now it ranks only second after the much larger United States as the most affluent and economically productive nation in the world. Japan was traditionally more self-sustained and semi-isolated in its islands, and it pursued its own historic path on the periphery of a great Chine se civilisation. The Japanese borrowed some ethnic ideas from China. (4,p.1-2). Although the population is largely homogeneous, there is considerable regional diversity. This diversity is reflected in life-styles, dialects and speech differing patterns of historic and economical development. The four largest islands are Hokkaido(2), Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu. Honshu, the largest island, is usually divided into quint regions Tohoku (3), Kanto (4),Chubu (5), Kinki(6), and Chugoku (7). According to Cultural Atlas of Japan, Hokkaido is Japans northern frontier.(1,p.23 ). Dominated by the daisetsu mountain range and national park, Hokkaido is an island of forests, rivers, sheer cliffs and rolling pastures. Its located at roughly... ...beautiful species of flora and fauna.(8). Bibliography 1. Cultural Atlas of Japan. 1988, pages 12-32. 2. Hokkaido Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/hokkaido.html (2-24-1998). 3. Tohoku Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/tohoku.htm l (2-24-1998). 4. Kanto Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/kanto.html (2-24-1998). 5. Chubu & Hokuriku Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/chubuhokuriku.html (2-24-1998) 6 Kansai Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/kansai.html (2-24-1998) 7. Chugoku & Shikoku Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/chugokushikoku.html (2-24-1998) 8. Kyushu & Okinawa Map 1994. http//www.jnto.go.jp/02map/kyushuokinawa.html (2-24-1998) 9. Japan A Concise History. Milton W. Meyer, 1993, pages 1-14, 245. 10. The Cambridge Encyclopaedia of Japan. University of Cambridge, 1993, pages 25-43.

A Tale Of Two Cities :: Free Essay Writer

A relation Of Two Cities I prefer the chapters set in FranceOn reading A Tale Of Two Cities, my world-wide impression is that the French chapters are a lot more interesting to read. I prefer the chapters set in France because they are much more evoke and I am carried away by the novel whereas I found, that in the English chapters, they were all about Lucie and her undying love for her father and husband. This was, quite frankly, deadening and a waste of deuce effort to put some sentiment into these chapters which are set in London, a long way from the action in Paris. However, Dickens does need to put some sentiment into his book(perhaps he showed a small too much)to give reasons for the characters actions. I much prefer Dickens when he manages to move you by the sad death of somebody such as Nancy in Oliver Twist or indeed Sydney Carton in A Tale of Two Cities. This particular sentence illustrates my point very well. It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever do ne it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known. I felt much sadder when I read these words than Dickens paragraphs about angels. I think nowadays people are more inclined to pass over those sentiments and read on because, to us, they sound ridiculous and the exemplary nature of these words is lost. Thus, the rustling of an Angels wings got blended with the other echoes, and they were not wholly of this earth, but had them in that breath of Heaven. Sighs of the winds that blew over the little garden tomb were mingled with them also, and both were audible to Lucie. When the chapters set in France are read, they make me feel as though I am with the characters, in the thick of the revolution, thinking their thoughts, walking through the streets of Paris with them. I see the same people, who scare you with their dancing and howls. One such example is The Carmagnole, the Revolutionaries who dance through the streets yell and screaming, thirsty for the blood of the a ristocrats. They danced to the popular Revolution song, keeping a ferocious time that was like the gnashing of teeth in unison. Men and women danced together, women danced together, men danced together, as misfortune brought them together.

The Traditional Medicine of China :: China Chinese Culture Medicine Health Essays

The Traditional Medicine of China Traditional medicine of China has a long historic and culturalbackground dating back about 2500 years. The ancient Chinese people were ableto reach a level of social stability that include the ability to treat complaintof emotional, physical, and spiritual origins. Although a belief in spirits asthe cause of disease has remained in China even to the baffle day, the viewthat the body obeyed a natural order struck a chord in the intellectual elite ofancient China. It was this elite class that graceful and developed these ideasover many centuries.(1) The ideas that the ancient Chinese had about the organs of the body, andtheir functions, as well as the causes and development of disease, show largedifferences when compared with Western medicine.(2) The Chinese do not think of theory, as we do in the West, as needing tobe proven to reach the highest degree of truth. A Chinese doctor hindquarters look atthe kidney as a machine and think of i t as a reflection of universe.(2) He canapply two different disease classification systems, cold damage or warm damagewhere he feels it is appropriate, without being deterred by contradictionsbetween the two.(3)One (Western) method of gaining knowledge is analysis. It is the methodof shift things into component parts to understand the whole. This methodhas been applied in China, but not to the same level as in the West. digestis one of the of the essence(predicate) features of all western modern science and technology.In fact, the analytical approach is the basis of western medicine, and it ispart of the Western mindset.(4)Analysis is not as consequential to Chinese medicine as in the West. Theancient Chinese did use analysis in their investigation of the human body, butto a lesser degree. Analysis provided some important insights into the workingsof the human body. The ancient Chinese knew, for example, that the stomach andintestines were organs of digestion, and that the lung drew air from theenvironment.(5) The origins of Chinas medical knowledge is not certain. They observedphenomenon, and determine relationships and patterns. They compared wholephenomena in the body, and watched how they related to each other.(6) This is shown by qi, an entity that Westerners find hard toconceptualize, since it does not fit any known scientific category.(7) Qi isthought to be the universal energy that runs everything, right down to the

The Traditional Medicine of China :: China Chinese Culture Medicine Health Essays

The Traditional Medicine of China Traditional medicine of China has a long historical and culturalbackground dating back more or less 2500 years. The antediluvian patriarch Chinese people were ableto reach a level of social stability that included the ability to treat diseaseof emotional, physical, and spiritual origins. Although a belief in spirits asthe cause of disease has remained in China even to the present day, the viewthat the body obeyed a natural format struck a chord in the intellectual elite ofancient China. It was this elite class that refined and developed these ideasover many centuries.(1) The ideas that the ancient Chinese had about the organs of the body, andtheir functions, as well as the causes and development of disease, show largedifferences when compared with Western medicine.(2) The Chinese do not think of theory, as we do in the West, as needing tobe proven to reach the highest degree of truth. A Chinese doctor can look atthe kidney as a mechan ism and think of it as a reflection of universe.(2) He canapply two different disease classification systems, cold damage or perfervid damagewhere he feels it is appropriate, without being deterred by contradictionsbetween the two.(3)One (Western) method of gaining knowledge is analysis. It is the methodof breaking things into component parts to understand the whole. This methodhas been employ in China, but not to the same level as in the West. Analysisis one of the important features of all western modern science and technology.In fact, the analytical approach is the basis of western medicine, and it ispart of the Western mindset.(4)Analysis is not as important to Chinese medicine as in the West. Theancient Chinese did use analysis in their investigation of the human body, butto a lesser degree. Analysis provided some important insights into the workingsof the human body. The ancient Chinese knew, for example, that the stomach andintestines were organs of digestion, and that the lung drew air from theenvironment.(5) The origins of Chinas medical knowledge is not certain. They observedphenomenon, and identified relationships and patterns. They compared wholephenomena in the body, and watched how they related to each other.(6) This is shown by qi, an entity that Westerners find hard toconceptualize, since it does not fit any known scientific category.(7) Qi isthought to be the universal energy that runs everything, right down to the

Management on Middle Adulthood

Middle adulthood begins at the age of 40 60. This is a measure when you cant believe where the time went. It searchs like just yesterday you were graduating from college, got married, and had kidskinren. Your children are now approaching young adulthood, pushing you into the next order of life, substance adulthood. You look in the mirror and all the signs of middle age are starting to set in. You notice wrinkles, gray hair, flabby skin and youre having trouble reading the menu. You begin to reassess you life. Are you happy with what you have accomplished in life so far? Do you have thoroughly family relationships?Is your career on track? Are you happy with yourself? There are many conflicts with both men and women during this period of life. One conflict very distinguished to both men and women is the bodily issue. Our body weight starts to change. Fat seems to be redistributed to the hips, stomach and trunk our complexions become drier and wrinkles start to appear. Our skin doesnt seem to be as resilient as it was in our 20s and 30s. In women there is a drop in tog up mass, due to the slow depletion of estrogen. Menopause is fast approaching, followed up with all the negative health complications that follow this phase.This is the beginning of a slowness of our psychomotor performance. Our reaction time to specific situations is not as quick, and our physical stamina is not as strong as it used to be. All these developments affect how men and women feel about(predicate) themselves. Particularly women, begin to interpret these changes in a negative office. Some view themselves as sexually unattractive. Men, on the other hand, dont seem to be as concerned about their physical appearance, since society has placed much of the physical importance on the women. This is a time where we need to apply these failings and move towards more important issues.This is also a time when men and women become more health conscious. We all know of the study diseases that cause previous(p) deaths during middle adulthood, much(prenominal) as cancer and heart disease. When youre a young adult, you dont think about these health issues as you would during middle adulthood. There is more of a concern to take offend care of our health, such as heathy diets, cardiovascular activity, resistance training, and not smoking. We might be better prepared for later adulthood, if we lead a healthy lifestyle. We start to realize our mortality.As most people live to be about 85, we realize that at 40, were almost half-way there. During this time, there whitethorn be upthrust in the family, marital distress, and general dissatisfaction with our lives. Many people during this time go through what we handle the mid-life crisis. A mid-life crisis may be caused by many different issues. During the early 30s, the womans primary duty is child rearing and may also be pursuing a career. Most men focus on their job careers. Sometimes these two people are heading in the same direction, but may be on two different parallel roads.Men may realize their mortality and may express their turmoil and self doubts by reverting to adolescent type behavior. Some men may accept new relations with younger women as a way of dealing with their conflicts. Some women may also suffer from self doubt and their inevitable mortality during their 40s, but various studies have indicated that women can attest a mid-life crisis during their early 30s, 40s and 60s. This is also a time when men and women assess their careers by questioning whether or not they still enjoy their career choices and their achievement in the chosen field.If not, maybe its time to move in improvements, such as furthering your education, improving intellectually, which will make an individual more marketable. When women go through a mid-life crisis, their crisis evolves around interpersonal relationships in the family rather than senescence. Men seem to be more involved with the aging factor. Wo men may go through the empty nest syndrome. Their children are becoming young adults and leaving the nest. For some women, that have devoted most of their time to child rearing with a small amount devoted to career, this may be a very difficult time. This leaves just you and your husband.A time for reacquaintance and renewal of your relationship. As we progress into the 40s. we also see an emergence of more feminine/masculine aspects of self. Women start to take on a more masculine qualities, such as assertiveness and independence while men tend to move towards a more calm, intimate status. I have touched upon some of the major conflicts of middle adulthood. For most people this can be a smooth transition and for others there may be difficulties. I believe that the 40s 60s is a time to reassess your life, to check and balance, and to go forward to ones later adulthood.

Early Childhood Services Norway Essay

Government goal all children whose parents wish it should have a place in a barnehage, full-time or part-time. (OECD, 199912) All municipalities must offer an ECEC place to all parents who want to enrol their child. As yet, corresponding legislation has not been drafted to give a legal right to all parents to a place for their child. (OECD, 2006 399) Two separate traditions brought together in Barnehage * Educationally focused barnehage (19th century Froebel) * Daghem (translates as daytime home) trumpeter was barneasyl (childrens asylum 1837) more social , focused on poor families.Norways approach to Early Childhood Care and Education Barnehage viewed as having an integrated administer and educational role care and learning are seen as inseparable activities. (OECD, 199 12) Provision grew slowly 1970s increase in service (1970 attendance 5% of 3/4 yrs olds to 1990s attendance rates for 1 5 yr olds = 47-60% and increase since then) Very few children infra 12mths in barnehage (well developed maternal leave system) Barnehage vary in terms of ownership, management, and backup. 47% public, owned and managed by local authorities (kommune).Remainder are private owned and managed in a variety of ways (parent groups, non-profit organisations). All receive state subsidy all parents make payments all local authorities subsidise public barnehager that they own and manage. topical anesthetic authorities vary re policy subsidising private barnehager. Consequence 3 types of barnehage in relation to funding (public, private receive local authority funding & private who do not receive local authority funding). Variations in public funding parental fees higher in private barnehage (except those who fall under the local authority funding).Variations in parental fees in local authority barnehage some cases fees the same for all families. Norwegian System 4 other types of grooming 1. open kindergarten children attend with parent/carer. 2. Family Day care divided into two groups Private (a) offer totally private service 3. Family day carers (b) networks (familiebarnehager) can be public/private managed & supervised by one trained pre-school teacher per 30 children. 4. SFO care and recreation for school aged children (6yrs was 7yrs) outside school hours. nurture in first 4 grades from 6 yrs = 20 hours per week child spends rest of time in SFO.SFO may be located at school, or separate accommodation. Attendance rates vary. Education system overall dominated by groups care in a particular type of centre. Staff in Barnehager 3 types of staff 1. Styrere (leader) management. 2. Pedagogiske (trained teacher). 3. Assistents . Remaining staff * Bilingual assistants ( heathen minority groups) * Other teaching staff (special needs) * Other persons (chefs/cleaners) All styrere & pedagogiske have to have qualified as ECEC teacher (both types of staff have the same training).Training in ECEC Norway3 grades full time study possi ble to do 4 year distance learning training (mature students with some experience avail of this). In service training available. Admission to pre-school training 3 year study in general subjects at upper secondary. No special requirements for assistents (recently introduction of 2 years of school and 2 years in workplace = can pack health & social care /child & youth workers option to cover work in the barnehager, SFO, clubs and other services. Salaries depends on training & position. (OECD,1999 16) Most staff in barnehager are female. Men 8% of all staff direct contact with children.(OECD 2006) Emphasis on men in childcare two main motives 1. gender equality 2. right of children to meet both men and women. Male workers seen as important to boys. Childhood institutionalised (role models mainly women concern from Norwegian Government) (Research into this needed ) Children with several(a) needs (OECD 2006) Children with disabilities Children with disabilities have a priority r ight to services provided it is deemed by an expert that the child will be able to benefit from attending the day care institution. Children from low-income families The child poverty rate in Norway is 3.4% after taxes and transfers, compared to the OECD average of 11. 2%. The barnehage is considered to play an important role in terms of burden child welfare. Children living in at-risk circumstances, places are fully funded by municipalities. Supports are provided also to enable barnehager accommodate children with disabilities, children from low-income families and bilingual children. Ethnic and bilingual children An indigenous ethnic group, the Sami, constitute 1. 7% of the Norwegian population. Sami language kindergartens are funded generously whenever there is a concentration of Sami families. Curriculum and pedagogyThe first national curriculum plan, called a cloth Plan, came into force in 1996. The curriculum, which must be used by all barnehager, is based on the Nordic trad ition of combining education and care. A Sami supplement is integrated in the plan. All barnehager, including familiebarnehager and open barnehager, must base their annual plans on this Framework, which is the National Curriculum. The Framework Plan emphasises that both local cultural values and the national cultural heritage, as reflected in the childhood environment, must be represented in the activity of the barnehage (Background Report for Norway, 1999).A revised Framework Plan enters into force on 1st August 2006. The main principles are the same, with the new Kindergarten Act giving children a legal right to participate in all questions concerning their daily lives in ECEC. The Norwegian Child (OECD, 199921) strong idea of how the Norwegian child should be and what it means to live a good childhood (OECD, 199921). Important to protect childhood from too much adult control (OECD, 199921). Adults should not take childhood away from children, but bring it back to them. (OECDm 199921) rate of childhood & children seen as a social group within society.

Does ‘Better’ corporate governance cause better firm performance? Essay

A study had been generated and said that performance argon affected either the implemented brass instrument is good or severeness In summary, our resultants are as follows. First, we do not find significantly different firm performance between firms with good changes in governance and firms with foul changes in governance, except for isolated instances. This result holds for all the three samples (i. e. the Moderate mathematical operation sample, the Ab usually Bad Performance sample and the Abnormally Good Performance sample).Second, both good and bad changes in governance are followed by positive as well as negative changes in industry-adjusted performance. Indeed, more than 50% of the firms with good governance changes exhibit negative industry-adjusted performance. Third, we find that both good and bad changes in governance lead to significant changes in performance. Therefore, if one restricts the abstract to only good changes in governance or only bad changes in governan ce, one would incorrectly conclude that changes in governance lead to changes in performance.Fourth, we observe that different firms vary in directions of governance changes when they experience the same direction in performance changes. A same firm also a lot simultaneously changes its different governance characteristics in conflicting directions (i. e. both good and bad governance changes). Last, our measure for Aggregate Governance Change confirms the first result for individual governance measure that the firms with good changes in governance do not have better performance than the firms with bad changes in governance.Our results present beardown(prenominal) evidence against the null hypothesis that better governance causes better firm performance. Note that our results do not imply that governance is irrelevant. Instead, it implies that firms are endogenously optimizing their governance expression in response to patent and unobservable firm characteristics. These results a re consistent with the strand of the literature that has shown each governance mechanism to be related to observable and unobservable firm characteristics. The statement proves that all decisions and change causes an effect to a commerce.This however means that every day, new challenge may face the community. It is normal for demands, and conflicts to happen. The issue that is important is the management and the organization as a whole would stand as one and face all the challenges with a positive picket to solve it. From the study that weve conducted, the writer concluded that the main cause of business failure are the managements negligence, improper planning. Conducting good and bad governance both causes changes in an organization so its better to be alert in all times.Decision making should be done conservatively and the organization should choose the people who they will trust. Recommendations Having all the different factors of company failures and the experiences of the UK Industry Company and MISnet Inc. , the writer recommend that the top management should not comport the needs of the company for granted but they should also be careful in giving. Decisions should be done care. The financial capacity must(prenominal) alship canal be monitored and all departments must always be alert in all times.The management should encourage the workers to work with passion, be loyal to the company and work tump over and hand to achieve all the goals that the company has. It is also important that the people working in the company are capable of doing their assigned job description. Workers are the companys working hand. It is a must that the workers are at their best to bring the best product that the company wants to have. Investment has been always a part of life in a company. When it comes to people investment, the company must be sure that spending money for a person must be worth paying for.Hence, the company must be very careful of choosing the right people to trust and the right people for a certain job. enfranchisement is always a must. Never let any situation happen without any documentation. All reports and transactions must be done with papers and with the word-paintings (Person in Charge) signature to make it even more valid and powerful in meetings and agreements. Even important conversations must be recorded and enter to ensure understanding between parties. Meetings are also important and dissemination of information is a must.Memoranda should always be disseminated to all employees. Discipline has been an electric outlet in all companies. The company must enforce a strict and fair rule and policies that the employees must do in order to organize a company. Make them come in the company on time and finish their work fast. Over time on work is not a cadence of quality service, it only show two things its either the worker cant handle too many work because of pressure or multi tasking or the worker cant finish the wo rk on time because he/she wasted it. The company should always have a room for improvement.Benchmarking or company observation is a big help to improve the companys usual workflow and environment. People used to compare one thing to another. Make it a positive way of upgrading the company. Have a group of trusted people to assist the company to make improvements. Lastly, a company must have a goal or mission. No company must have an inspiration to look forward to. Set a series of mission, vision, the companys commitment, core values and principles so that the workers will live by the companys principles and for the companys goal.There are series of ways and measurements that can be done through quality audits, and meetings. Implement good data management and all department management. Some analyst says that most business fails after its 8 years of operation it still depends on the teamwork of the people in an organization and its willingness to survive.Reference Websites N. K. Chida mbaran, Darius Palia , Yudan Zheng , Does fall in Corporate Governance Cause Better Firm Performance? , 2006, viewed on 28 January 2008. Greg Bustin, Why Companies Fail?Take Charge How Leaders Profit From Change 2005, viewed on 28 January 2008. Susan M. Heathfield, Performance steering Process Checklist http//humanresources. about. com/od/performancemanagement/a/perfmgmt. htm viewed on 27 January 2008 Management, Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia viewed on 28 January 2008.NEERAJ BHARGAVA, Good Governance is Good Business, The hem in Street Journal, 2006 http//online. wsj. com/article/SB115671755403846763-search. html? KEYWORDS=Good+Governance&COLLECTION=wsjie/6month viewed on 29 January 2008 Good Governance Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia viewed on 28 January 2008 herbaceous plant Greenberg Corporate Governance as a riskiness Factor.Finding Relationship between Performance and a companys board of directors 2007 http//www. marketwatch. com/ give-and-take/story/weighing-r isk-factors-bad-corporate/story.aspx? guid=%7B55BF9816-8CC4-4570-8D6D-13EBD531F5CE%7D viewed on 28 January 2008 Process size up viewed on 27 January 2008 Customer Audit http//www. understanding. co. uk/customeraudit. htm viewed on 27 January 2008 Final Assembly Supplier Audit Report http//images. apple. com/supplierresponsibility/pdf/Final_Assembly_Audit. pdf (2007) viewed on 28 January 2008 West Cumbria Council for Voluntary Service, Effective Meetings (2005) http//www. westcumbriacvs. org. uk/docs/FactSheet4. pdf viewed on 28 January 2008.Books Terry Collison How to Write an Effective Business Plan in good Three Hours, 1993 Paul Todd, Swot Equity and Trust (Swot)(Gaunt 5Rev Ed edition (October 1996)) Jeffrey Abrahams, The Mission Statement Book 301 Corporate Mission Statements from Americas pinnacle Companies (TEN SPEED PRESS Rev Sub edition (1999)) ARTICLES Evangeline Santos How Failures Happen IT Tribune (Philippines December 2007) Bruce G. Posner Why Companies Fail In c. com Magazine (June 1993) Manuel Toledo Coping With Business Failure A Kaizen advent Ginto (Philippines 2004) Term Papers.Hubert Ooghe, Sofie De Prijcker Failure process and causes of company bankruptcy (Universiteit Gent) Wayne L. Welsh CPA, Best Practices For Good Management Office of the Legislative Author General (2001) R Massey, J Widdows, K Bhattacharya, R Shaw, D Hart, D Law, W Hawes, Insurance Company Failure http//www. actuaries. org. uk/files/pdf/giro2002/Massey. pdf viewed on 28 January 2008 Conference John Hunter, Natalia Isachenkova Aggregate Economy Risk and Company Failure An Examination of the UK Quoted Firms in the Early 1990s Department of Economics and Finance (Brunel University).

Marketing to Generation Y Essay

On May 12, 1999, Matt baseball diamond, James Johnson and surface-to-air missile Gradess were visiting San Francisco for a end round of meetings with West seashore enthronization analysts. They were equitable days from the initial public offering (IPO) of shares in profane.com, the catalog and Internet merchant of teenoriented clothing that they had founded on Diamonds showtime from Harvard Business give instruction in 1996. Snarled in freeway gridlock, Diamond was on his cellphone discussing the IPOs pricing with analysts back in wise York City.An analyst urged Diamond to respond to an invitation by the worlds largest Web come in and portal, America Online (AOL), to make Alloy an vertebral column tenant on its teen obtain site. AOL cute $2 trillion per year for the unspoilts. Matt, if you say yes, that bequeath be big. If you announce tomorrow that AOLs partner in the Generation Y market is Alloy, it will put Alloy on the map. It will definitely affect the IPO price.D iamond sighed. A headline deal with AOL today could be worth mayhap 10% on the stock price. But AOL was asking rich terms. It was widely ruto a greater extentd that AOL preyed on startup companies in the weeks before they went public, tempting them with star billing on its portal at the very aftermath when the publicity was most valuable. He estimated that hed be give ining a $45 cpm (cost per thousand exposures) to anchor the AOL teen shopping site.Nobody paid to a greater extent than $30 for Web eyeballs. In the three years that he had been running Alloy, Diamond had prided himself on doing deals that make sense. If he could not anticipate a net to Alloy from a promotional deal, he reasoned that Wall Street would not anticipate a profit either. It wont pay out, he told the analyst firmly. We exclusively do deals that produce value. To his colleagues in the limousine, he wondered out loud, Am I right?Professor John Deighton and Visiting Scholar Gil McWilliams prepared thiscase as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. The contribution of Ann Leamon, Manager, Center for Case Development, is gratefully acknowledged. Certain sensitive information in this case has been disguised and should not be regarded as informative as to the prospects of the party. Copyright 2000 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College.To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http//www.hbsp.harvard.edu. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photo doubleing, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School. 1Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, thole 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com merchandising to Generation YThe Generation Y MarketTermed the hottest demographic of the moment, Generation Y came to the attention of marketers in the youthful 1990s. This echo of the baby boom was made up of children and teenagers born in the United States between 1975 and 1989 and therefore aged between 10 and 24. They were estimated to be a 56 gazillion strong group of actual and potential consumers, some three times the size of their immediate predecessor, Generation X.1 The U.S. Census Bureau communicate that the 10 to 24 age group would grow from 56.3 million to 63.1 million by 2010, growing blistering than the general population.Although Generation Y matched its parents generation in size, in almost every other way it was very different. One in three was not Caucasian. One in quadruple lived in a single-parent household. Three in four had working mothers.2 Body glittered, tattooed, pierced, theyre a highly fragmented,unpredictable group of teenagers who, while tottering well-nigh on five inch soles, voice conservative opinions about sexuality, government, the American dream and an end-of-century commitment to spirituality.3 They were computer literate 81% of teens used the Internet, concord to Chicagobased puerileage Research International (TRI), which also noted that over a 3 month period on AOL, they posted more than 2 million Leonardo Di Caprio related messages.4 According to Lester Rand, Director of the Rand Youth Poll, they had money to spend and an appetite for spending it.They have a higher incremental allowance from their parents, and with the process in our service economy, they are able to secure jobs easily and at rising minimum wages. Theyre exposed to so many different products on TV, in the mall and through their friends. Its a generation who grew up with excess as a norm.5 In 1999 Jupiter reported that 67% of on-line teens and 37% of on-line kids said they made use of on-line shopping sites, either buying or gathering information about produc ts.6 Generation Y was evaluate to spend approximately $136 billion in 1999, before accounting for the groups influence on purchases made by parents and other adults. (See evidences 1 and 2 for this and other estimates.)On-line Competition for Generation Y SpendingGeneration Ys size and spending power had not gone(p) unnoticed. Many conventional and on-line sellers courted them. Alloy viewed its most significant adversarys as dELiAs and the online magalog mXg. The neighborhood mall was also a threat.1 Neuborne, Ellen and Kathleen Kerwin. Generation Y, Business Week, February 15, 1999, stay on story. 2 Neuborne, Ellen and Kathleen Kerwin. Generation Y, Business Week, February 15, 1999, Cover story. 3 OLeary, Noreen. merchandise The Boom Tube, Adweek, Vol. 39, No. 20, May 18, 1999, pp. S44-S52. 4 Brown, Eryn. Loving Leo Online, Fortune, April 12, 1999, p. 152. 5 BAXExpress, July/ fantastic 1999, httpbaxworld.com/baxexpress/0799/consumers.html. 6 Sacharow, Anya. Shadow of On-line Commerce Falls on Postmodern Kids, Jupiter Communications report,June 7, 1999.2Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Y500-048dELiAs Inc.7The largest on-line and catalog merchant serving Generation Y was New York-based dELiAs, with 1998 sales of $158 million. Founded in 1995 by 2 33-year-old former Yale rooommates, Stephen Kahn and Christopher Edgar, dELiAs interchange through marker catalogs mailed to more than 10 million recipients, of whom 6 million had bought within the past year. It managed its own order fulfillment from a store complex, and operated twenty conventional retail stores. or so of dELiAs 1,500 employees were under 30. Its phone representatives were often high school and college students, and they frequently offered fashion advice as well as pickings orders. In November 1998 dELiAs Inc. paid $4.75 million for the trademarks and mail lists of bankrupt Fulcrums 5 catalogs (Zo e for teenage girls, Storybook Heirlooms, Playclothes, After the Stork, and Just for Kids), giving them 5 million names which more or less doubled their database. It also paid $2.4 million for merchandise from Zoe and Storybook.By 1999, dELiAs went to market with a complex set of brands and marketing methodsThe dELiAs brand marketed to teenage girls as a catalog through the mail and as dELiAs*cOm on the Web.The gURL.com Website was an on-line magazine for girls and fresh women, carrying articles as well as free e-mail, free homepage hosting and publishing tools, and link to a ne cardinalrk of third-party sites for girls and women. gURL was the only proportion that was not engaged in commerce.The droog brand marketed apparel to 12-to 20-year-old males through the mail and on-line.The TSI Soccer catalog sold soccer gear by mail and on-line. Storybook Heirlooms retailed apparel and accessories for girls under 13 by mail and Web catalog.Dotdotdash sold apparel, footwear and accessor ies for girls aged 7 to 12 by mail and Web catalog.Discountdomain.com was a subscription Website selling discounted close-out merchandise.Contentsonline.com offered unusual home furnishings, light furniture and household articles to females aged 13-24. While predominantly a Web catalog, the property appeared intermittently as a home run insert in dELiAs print catalog.In April 1999, dELiAs Inc. spun off its Internet properties in an IPO, selling shares in a company called iTurF which earned revenues from all of the above on-line elements. In terms of the deal, these on-line businesses could advertise in dELiAs print catalogs at a rate of $40 per 1,000catalogs.The dELiAs catalog, 60 million of which were printed in 1998, had the largest domestic circulation of any publication directed at Generation Y. The on-line magazines also divided up the parent companys 354,000 feather foot distribution center in Hanover, PA. Because iTurF did not take ownership of inventory until a guests ord er was placed, the risk of obsolescence and markdowns remained with the parent company. iTurF shared offices with the parent company, enjoying a submarket rent for New York metropolitan space.7 Information drawn from company website www.dELiAs.com3Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com Marketing to Generation YIn May 1999, iTurF announced record after partly sales of $2.6 million (up from $0.69 million in the first quarter of 1998). pull in profit was $1.3 million, or 49.1% of revenues, up from $0.34 million or 49.3% of revenues 1998 (see Exhibit 3). However, dELiAs reported that it expected its iTurF unit to report a want for the fiscal year. By April 1999, the consequence of people who had ever bought at the iTurF Websites was 66,000 (up from 35,000 at the end of December 1998), and the number of unique visitors was 731,000 in April 1999 alone.Analysts estimated that distributively customer cost $26 to acqu ire.8 Private label merchandise accounted for 40% of iTurFs sales, in line with dELiAs ratio. iTurf entered into agreements with RocketCash Corp and DoughNET, companies that had been schematic to let parents control the on-line spending of their children. For example, RocketCash let parents establish a credit card account and set each childs access to specific merchant sites, times of operation, and the option to set up an auto-allowance to sporadically replenish the account.DoughNet was a virtualdebit card that parents could set up for their children. Parents could customize DoughNETs site to guide teens through all aspects of managing their money. In April 1999, dELiAs closing to spin off iTurF seemed shrewd. The market capitalization of dELiAs Inc. was $90 million, on sales of $200 million annually. ITurF was capitalized at $200 million on a sales run rate of $12 million annually.mXg Media Inc.9Hunter Heaney and Stuart MacFarlane graduated from the Harvard Business School in 1996. MacFarlane joined Bain & Co. and Heaney joined BancBoston Robertson Stephens. Heaney told how he got the idea for mXg while Christmas shopping at Nordstroms for his then girlfriend. A saleswoman had told him that the Y necklace feature on the Friends sitcom was in style. I knew there had to be a more direct way to find out about fashion trends influenced by entertainment, Heaney said.10In 1997, Heaney and MacFarlane quit their jobs and moved to Manhattan Beach, CA, to be close to Hollywood and surfers and skaters. Using the pay phone while staying at a local motel they raised $250,000 in increments of $5,000, and launched mXg, styling it a magalog, a hybrid of catalog and magazine, aimed at teenage girls. Un homogeneous a conventional magazine, mXg reported exactly where to go to buy the fashion items that it featured on its pages.MacFarlane recalled their first lean times Typically, retailers order inventory in sixes (one small, two medium, two large, one extra large). But sort of of saying Well take 2,000 sixes we said Well take six literally one of each. They could fund a circulation of only 20,000 for the magazines launch in the fall of 1997, but it did well. Some 5% of the recipients bought from it. The numbers were good enough to induce Urban Outfitters, a retail fashion chain, to invest $5 million for 40% of the company, incorporated as mXg Media, Inc.Merchandisedoubling each issue.each, refunded withB Dalton Booksellers.accounted for most of mXg Medias revenues, but advertising revenue was The company used newsstand distribution (cl,000 issues per quarter at $2.95 a purchase), as well as distribution in bookstores like Barnes & Noble, and The magazine had a pass-along rate of almost six readers per copy.Sensitive to the tastes of their tar captivate audience of female teenagers, they hired teens, paying them $7 per hour to work after school respondent letters, doing interviews, and writing copy to make8 CIBC World Markets, Equity Research, June 2, 1999.9 Information drawn from company website www.mXgonline.com10 Waxler, Caroline. Guys with moxie, Forbes, May 31, 1999, pp. 130-131.4Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Y500-048it sound authentic. No printed word goes out without a teen girl checking it being bad is the kiss of death in this business.11 At the start of each fashion season mXg recruited 30 Moxie girls to spend a hypothetical $150 each. Their virtual purchases determined which items appeared in the next issue. The magazine paid staffers to model clothes and invited would-be teen celebrities to pose free to gain recognition.A Website, mXgonline.com, was established in the summer of 1997. It comprised a magazine, twaddle rooms, and community sites, and sold clothes and accessories. mXg Media pursued other access plosive consonants for their on-line magalog, featuring it in on-line fashion malls such as fashionwindow .com. In 1999, mXg sponsored concerts featuring acts like Gus Gus which were favoredby Generation Y. Yahoo produced a series of Webcasts of the concerts for teens. The company described its mission as cross-media publishing, tar grasped exclusively at teen girls. It planned to add mXgtv, an Internet video site, to its media portfolio later in the year.A Crowded Marketplace?Other companies vied for the attention of Generation Y. Bolt.com was a content-based magazine-type site skewed towards a market slightly older than that of the Generation Y market, but into which the older end of the Y market might eventually fall. Bolt.com include sections titled jobs, money, movie reviews, music, news and issues, sex and dating, and sports. It had a chat room and free e-mail, and sold branded merchandise. It boasted that 5,000 people joined it every day.The magazine 17 had an on-line version, offering chat rooms and message boards, as well as its regular articles, quizzes and features. Indeed m any magazines were now launching online versions of their magazines, and new print publications like wreathe and Jump had appeared to compete for generation Y advertising revenues.Broader on-line retailers served this market, such as bluefly.com selling discounted brands on-line. Strong competition came from mall-based stores such as The Buckle, Gadzooks, Abercrombie & Fitch, The Gap, American Eagle Outfitters, and Guess, all of whom sold merchandise on- and off-line. Apparel and sportswear manufacturers were developing on-line sales sites. Nike and Tommy Hilfiger planned to launch e-commerce sites with broad product offerings.Alloy.comAs a Harvard MBA student in 1996, Matt Diamond wrote a business plan proposing the idea of marketing extreme sports clothing by catalog to young people in Japan. The premise was that the popularity of this style of clothing among American youth might generate demand abroad, and that catalogs would be able to tap that demand faster than would store di stribution.On graduation, Diamond implemented the plan. He and a friend, Jim Johnson, used seed money from friends and family to design and print a Japanese-language catalog, which they branded Durango Expedition. Theymailed it in January 1997, and at the same time they went live with Japanese and English Websites, as alternative channels.The venture flopped. The mailing generated no significant sales. However, they discovered to their surprise that they were receiving hits on the English Website from American youths. Within a month they had reconceptualized the business to serve American teen girls through catalog and online channels, under the name Alloy. Diamond and Johnson each contributed $60,000 in cash and11 Waxler, Caroline. Guys with moxie, Forbes, May 31, 1999, pp. 130-131.5Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Yanother friend, Sam Gradess added $150,000 in cash when he joined si x months later from Goldman Sachs. In November 1997, the first issue of the Alloy catalog, 48 pages in length, was mailed to a purchased mailing list of 150,000 teen names. At the same time Alloys Website became active. The intention at that time was to reduce the number of catalogs mailed as on-line sales grew.OrganizationDiamond became president and CEO of the fledgling company. Johnson took the title of chief operating officer. Gradess was chief financial officer. Neil Vogel joined from Ladenburg Thalman & Co., a consumer and Internet investing banking group to be the chief corporate development officer. Fellow Harvard sectionmate, Andrew Roberts left PricewaterhouseCoopers to join Alloy in January 1999 as VP of business development.Another HarvardMBA, Joan Rosenstock was hired as marketing director, having held positions in marketing at the National Basketball Association as well as in advertising account management. Erstwhile, music editor program of teenage magazine Seventeen , Susan Kaplow, became executive editor and Karen Ngo, who had been a feature editor and fashion stylist at Seventeen, was hired as creative director. Alloy outsourced as many of its operations as it could.Working with mostly domestic vendors who could produce and ship within a 2-8 week timeframe, Alloy purchased only 50% of its featured products and relied on a quick order and re-order ability so as to control inventory levels. Telephone orders and order-processing were outsourced to Harrison Fulfillment Services, based in confabulatetanooga, TN. OneSoft Corp., based in Virginia, handled on-line ordering and fed its orders to Chattanooga for fulfillment. Alloy personnel concentrated on marketing and merchandising issues.Target MarketUnlike dELiAs, Alloy opted for a single-brand strategy targeted at both genders. Rather than dividing our marketing resources across multiple brands and Websites, we seek to maximize the impact of our marketing efforts by promoting a single brand. We intrust this allows us to attract visitors to our Website and build customer loyalty rapidly and efficiently.12 Indeed Diamond considered that Alloys key differentiator lay in being gender neutral, believing that a successful Generation Y community depended on dynamic boy-girl interaction.He thought of their community site as an MTV-like interactive distribution channel. Its an opportunity for girls to talk to boys, boys to talk to girls, to deliver music, to deliver fashion, to deliver lifestyle. Diamond conceded that the majority of the visitors to its Website were girls, and the print catalog was even more skewed towards girls. However, it was the intention to attract boys to the Website by other means. There was some evidence that this strategy was working, as the percentage of female Website visitors declined from 70% in early 199913 towards a desired 60/40 ratio.Boys tended to be drawn by music, extreme sports and games, while girls appeared to be more responsive to chat and b rowsing. Diamond felt, however, that just as both teen boys and girls hang out in shopping malls, watching each other as well as chatting, the on-line front end of both boys and girls was important. Alloys target was teens making buying decisions with parents somewhere in the background. The target group ranged from 12-20, but the median age was 15.Alloy was mensural not to aim too young, partly for regulatory reasons, but also because they felt that by targeting 15-yearolds they reached a group at an important buying point in their lives. About 35-40% of teenage purchasing was on apparel and accessories, and Alloy monitored what else this group bought. As12 IPO Offer Document May 1999.13 Chervitz, Darren. IPO First Words Alloy Online CEO Matt Diamond. Interview at CBS MarketWatch.com, June 14, 1999. http//cbs.marketwatch.com/archive/19990614/news/current/ipo_word.htx?source=htx/http2_mw&dist=na6Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 00 1-003Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Y500-048owners of a piece of real estate they did not see themselves as especial(a) to selling apparel and accessories, and had moved into soft furnishings.The OfferingIt was standard practice among catalog retailers, such as Lands End and LL Bean, to sell products under the catalogs brand. Even at dELiAs, private-label sales accounted for about 40% of the mix. Alloy, however, emphasized recognized teen brands such as Vans, Diesel, and ONeill, both to attract buyers and to offer reassurance of quality. notwithstanding 20-25% of Alloys sales came from labels that were exclusive to Alloy, such as Stationwagon and Local 212. Diamond was philosophical about the pros and cons of private label, Theres no denying you get better margins on own-label goods.Butrunning with your own labels leaves you vulnerable to ending up as a skateboard brand. The Alloy site aimed to build what Diamond termed the 3 Cs of on-line retailing to this generation Community , Content, and Commerce. He noted that constant communication was key to understanding this generation. They had a strong need to chat about movies, television, music and what was happening at school, and to seek advice from one another, sound off about pet hates, and occasionally shop.A small team of in-house editors created pillar content on the site, supplemented by syndicated content. The audience also contributed content, receiving in transfer a sense of community, in chat-rooms and message boards, and by submitting their own letters, poems, drawings and articles. Poems and drawings would be voted upon interactively. Chat rooms in particular were popular and frequently full (in contrast to some of the chat rooms of competitors).The chat rooms were moderated from end of school-time until midnight on a daily basis, with software employed to spot offensive or obscene language. Advice columns were a dependable magnet. (See Exhibit 7 for a sample of user-generated content.) Andrew Roberts remembered vividly the moment when he knew that Alloy was really onto something. In the aftermath of the Columbine High School shooting tragedy, one of the editors knew that Alloy had to respond and fast. She worked all night creating the beguile spaces in chatrooms, and editorial content.By 830 a.m. the day after, 15 hours after news of the tragedy broke, Alloy had certain 7,311 postings related to the events at Columbine. Roberts explained that it wasnt so much the number that impressed him, but the content of the postings. These kids were really anxious. We had kids who followed the goth fashion who were really scared about how others would treat them. Other kids were reassure them and saying Dont worry, we know it wasnt you or the goths who made these guys do what they did. They just had a desperate need to talk with each other, and be reassured by each other.Building the BrandAlloy built its brand, and with it traffic to the Alloy site, in several ways. It undertook traditional advertising in print media (Seventeen Magazine, YM, Rolling Stone, and Snowboarder). It used hot-links from sitessuch as seventeen.com to advertise promotional deals.It had special copromotional deals with, for example, MGM entertainment, Sony Music, Burton Snowboards, MCI and EarthLink/Sprint, who provided free products and services that were used as special promotions for the Alloy community (such as private movie screenings, exclusive music give-aways, and celebrity on-line chats). Finally, it bought criterion advertising on gateway sites such as Yahoo Shopping, Fashionmall.com, CatalogCity.com and CatalogLink.com.7Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com Marketing to Generation YThe Business ModelThere were two revenue streams merchandise sales, and advertising and sponsorship. An performer had been retained to sell advertising on the Website, and the longer-term intention was to build an in-house sales force to sell sponsorships, monetary standard-ads, targeted advertising (segmented by Website area, time of day, user location, or age), and compounding print and Website advertising.To this end, Samantha Skey, who had been responsible for commerce, advertising and sponsorship for Disney Online and Family.com and had worked for Buena Vista Internet group, was hired in 1999 as VP of ecommerce and sponsorships. In 1999, about 10% of revenues were generated by sponsorship and advertising deals, and the proportion was expected to rise to 20% in year 2000.Alloy was aware that it would never meet all of its customers requirements. It was happy to offer links to other sites that could be seen as competitive, such as Gaps on-line site. Look, we figure theyre going to go there anyway, noted Roberts. If they go via us, we at least get something for it. Were happy to have such complementary deals. Probably not with dELiAs, though, he grinned. Exhibits 4 and 5 report annual fiscal year cognitive process 1996-1998, and quarterly performance betweenlast quarter 1997 and first quarter 1999.To hear Diamond describe it, running Alloy was, at least day-to-day, like running a production plant. We know what it costs to get a customer, and we know what a customer will spend. We just have to keep the two numbers in balance. We could make a profit today, but in this investment climate theres no reward for beating your loss numbers. By April 1999, Alloy had a database of 2.6 million names and addresses, comprising 1.7 million previous buyers and 900,000 visitors to the Website who had registered their names and addresses.It was mailing monthly to the most responsive of the names on this list, supplemented by purchases of new names, and it hoped to mail 20 million catalogs over the course of 1999. Alloys catalogs cost $450 per thousand to design, print and mail. If Alloy mailed catalogs to names from the database who had bought from it before, it developd an order from about 3% of the names each time it mailed.If Alloy bought a list of new names, for example a list of American girls who possess personal computers, at a cost that was typically $100 per thousand names, the response rate on the new names14 was about 1.5%. Alloy would often exchange some of the names of its customers for the names of customers of similar firms, if it could count on a response rate on the swapped names of close to its own 3%. By blending names from these three sources, Alloy could choose whether a particular mailing would yield a high rate of orders or expand its customer base.Over the year, Alloys mailings comprised 10% swapped names, 70% past customers and 20% new names. Diamond found that some people in the private investment community were not well informed on the ease with which response rates could be manipulated. Analysts ask me, why is your response rate down last month? I say you want a 10% response rate, Ill give you one. Ill just mail to my very best customers.M ost orders were fatherd by telephone, and orders from all lists ranged from $65 per customer in spring to $85 in winter. The gross margin on an order was about 50%. Alloy paid its fulfillment company $6.00 to handle each telephone order. Customers paid the shipping charges. Traffic to the Website, as measured by Media Metrix in the quarter ending March 1999, comprised 263,000 unique visitors15 per month. While about half of thevisitors eventually registered14 List brokers typically sold names on a deduplicated basis, importation that the buyer had the right to delete and not pay for any names that it already owned.15 Many of the visitors to a site came more than once a month. Media Metrix used the term unique visitors to emphasize that they were counting visitors, not visits.8Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Y500-048themselves with the site by entering a name, address and e-mail informatio n, the proportion of unique visitors in a month who registered in that month was about 8%. In addition to catalogs and Web visits, Alloy interacted with Generation Y by means of a weekly broadcast e-mail, Alloy E-Zine, sent to 850,000 site visitors who had asked to receive it.When a visitor to the Alloy Website registered, the name was added to the print catalog mailing list. Names gathered in this way, although they had not previously bought from Alloy, tended to respond to the catalog at a rate close to the past-buyer rate of 3%. Calculating the cost of attracting someone to become a registered visitor was difficult, because Web traffic resulted from many actions banner advertising, listings on search engines, and Alloys print advertising in media like Seventeen Magazine. The catalog was a significant driver of traffic to the Web.On the day that the catalog reached its audience, traffic to the site would jump 40%. It would continue to rise to about 180% of pre-mailing levels for a week, and slowly fall back. Possessing a copy of the latest Alloy catalog conferred significantprestige in a junior high school lunchroom. And then there was wordof-mouth. Many visitors to the Website, and many who distinguishable to register, came at no cost to Alloy because a friend had mentioned the site, had e-mailed a chat room story, or had asked for an opinion on an item of clothing shown on the site.Less than 5% of Alloys revenues came from orders placed on the Website. When an order was submitted on-line instead of by phone, Alloy paid its fulfillment company $3.00 instead of $6.00 to reflect the saving of telephone handling charges. Alloys e-mailed catalog, termed Alloy E-Zine, was another small element of the business. Because Alloy had no way of knowing whether a recipients e-mail system was able to view graphic displays or color, it used only text in the E-Zine.Only 25% of those who indicated willingness to receive it ever opened it, and of those 1% placed an order in the course of a year. These orders were fulfilled at $3.00 each if they were placed by return email. Sponsorships and banner advertising were a small but rapidly growing source of revenue. As Alloys base of registered visitors and catalog recipients grew, both became assets that interested advertisers.The AOL doDiamond reflected on the AOL deal. It was not a question of finding $2 million. If the IPO went ahead at the planned price of $15, it would generate $55.5 million and Alloy would be awash in cash. Diamond tried not to be annoyed at the idea that AOL would offer this deal on the eve of his IPO. Ive been talking to AOL for a year about opening a teen shopping area, showing them what a big revenue opportunity it could be. Now absolutely they get it, and they think its worth $2 million.He thought to himself, What else can I do with $2 million? Thats over 4 million catalogs, which means more sales, more site visits, more registrations, and more E-Zine registrations. Alternative ly, it could buy us exposure on television, and that would build a stronger brand. Alloys budget for 1999 included a line item of $2.5 million for production of two television spots and $2.5 million for air time.Yet AOL was Alloys most important source of traffic to the Website. More than a third of visitors to the Alloy site used AOL as their Internet service provider. Would a competitor on the AOL site be able to intercept them? Would the announcement of a competitors deal with AOL on the eve of the IPO be as bad for Alloys share price as an Alloy deal would be good? The cellphone rang again. It was his partner, Neil Vogel. Matt, Wall Street would like it if you would do that deal. They dont want iTurF to pick it up. This is valuable real estate on a really important teen property.9Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com Marketing to Generation YExhibit 1 pith Teen Spending in 1996$billions%Apparel36.734Entertai nment23.422Food16.715Personal Care9.29Sporting Goods6.76Other15.314Total108.0100 theme Packaged Facts via InterRep Research, in MSDW Equity Research Fashions of the Third Millennium, June 1999.Exhibit 2 Estimates of Teen SpendingRand Youth(Adweek May 18, 1998)19961997Morgan Stanley DeanWitters report Fashionsof the Third Millennium,June 1999$108 billion$91.5 billion19981999Teen Research Unlimited(quoted in Alloy presshandout)$141 billion$136 billion10Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Y500-048Exhibit 3 Consolidated iTurf Income (in $ thousands)ststNet revenues1 quarterending 1 May19992615Cost of goods133235Gross profit128334Selling, general and admin.1753109Interest income (expense)(112)11Loss before tax(358)(86)Income tax (benefit)(161)(33)Net loss(197)(53)Apr 99 = 731,000Feb 99 = 635,00050 million4 millionNo. of unique visitorsNo. of page views in AprilSize of mailing database1 quarterending 30 April19986911 million namesSource IPO FilingExhibit 4 Alloy Online Annual Fiscal proceedingFiscal year199619971998(thousands)Net merchandise revenues$25$1,800$10,100Of which on-line order placement accounted for$40$710Sponsorship and other revenueGross profit %Selling & Marketing expensesWeb pages views (Month of March)$12532.5%41.7%46.3%$98$2,000$9,2001,50025,000Weekly e-zine registrations480Source Company records11Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com Marketing to Generation YExhibit 5 Alloy Online Quarterly Performance199719981998199819981999199931 OctJan 31Apr 30Jul 31Oct 31Jan 31Apr 30($000)Net merchandiserevenues401139613532082321534362391Sponsorship, etc.154673163Total revenues401139613542087326135092544COGS2637839061200166517151249Gross profit13861344888715961794130534%44%3342.5%49%51%51%903143717822992339626793529(749)(806)(1312)(2165)(1901)(985)(2302)400,000800,000Gross profit % ofrevenueOperatinge xpensesNet loss get along ofregistered usersSource Company records12Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003Alloy.com Marketing to Generation Y500-048Exhibit 6 Circulation of Leading Teen MagazinesPublicationPublisherCirculation as of 1998/99Seventeen (monthly)Primedia Consumer Magazine Group2,400,000Teen (monthly)EMAP2,400,000YM (10 x year)Gruner & Jahr2,200,000Teen People (monthly)Time Inc.1,300,000Jump (10 x year)Weider Publications350,000Twist (monthly)Bauer Publishing265,650GirlLewitt & LaWinter/Freedom250,000Source Various13Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003500-048Alloy.com Marketing to Generation YExhibit 7 Examples of consumer-generated content on Alloy WebsiteSource Alloy Website14Downloaded by Junfei Xu on 9/02/2013. New York University, Stephen Tamke, Fall 2013, 001-003

Rhetorical Analysis on JFK’s Inaugural Address Essay

Majority of the people know the eminent line take not what your country bath do for you- ask what you smoke do for your country (Kennedy). That is indubitably one of the most well known segments of his linguistic process, however, there are other parts that made it unforgettable. He knew he was not only speaking to America, but other countries as well. His speech keeps the audience both foc utilise on what is important and understanding of the point he is trying to make. He sought to send a message to the nation about the Cold War and his hope for peace along with his desire to proclaim the nation. Throughout his speech, prexy John F. Kennedy uses par bothelism, ellipsis, and antithesis to display to the audience that he was ready to be president and take on its challenges. Of the many rhetorical devices that prexy JFK used in his speech, parallelism was perhaps the most effective.The repetition of Let both sides amplifies his wants for unison and peace. His first use of Let both sides begins with talking about unity not division. As Kennedy repeats this for the second and third time, he includes how all countries should come together rather than to stand alone and take part in wars against severally other. The world should succeed and prosper as one. chairman John F. Kennedy focuses on the idea of unity and peace throughout his speech. With those two factors, the world can approach great things without the need for war, tension, or other harmful actions towards opposing countries. In the beginning of his speech Kennedy is pass oning to pay any price, bear any burden, come over any hardships, support any friend, oppose any foe. This shows his willingness to fight for what he wants for the country liberty, peace, unity. There are numerous forms of parallelism in JFKs speech however, there are few which have become infamous and recognizable immediately.Kennedys speech is short and to the point, making it very effective. JFK had moral intentions and valued to help his nation along with the rest of the world. This is clear by his use of ellipsis when he says This much we pledge- and more (Kennedy). By saying and more, President Kennedy expects the people to accomplish and partake in more than the ideas that were listed. Not listing numerous ideas made his point clear and effective. It allows his audience to think about what else can be done for the country. Kennedy makes it clear that he intends to do anything and everything in his power for peace and liberty. He is telling the audiencethat what he said was not all that can be done, and that they were just examples of what should be done to reach that goal.Kennedy uses ellipsis when he mentions a celebration of freedom- symbolizing an end, as well as a beginning- signifying renewal, as well as change (Kennedy). By strengthening his statement on the celebration of freedom, it confirms that with this freedom comes a new beginning alongside change. President Kennedy states this in the first sentence of his speech, which fortifies the idea of freedom and what needs to be done in order to attain it. By the use of antithesis, JFK makes his speech memorable by inverting his sentences. Kennedy goes on to say that America should never negotiate out of fear. But let us ever fear to negotiate (Kennedy). This statement outlines the spotless purpose of President Kennedys speech-spreading peace and assuring the success and survival of liberty. Kennedys most famous line ask not what your country can do for you- ask what you can do for your country (Kennedy) creates an idea that is still used today. The idea it generates is that citizens should be giving more to the country than they expect to come in return.It incorporates the audience into his speech, which makes the listener feel as if they can also make a great impact on the world. It shows that America is not unnerved to fight for what is right and the country is not afraid of working for what the entire world sh ould be aiming for. Most inaugural addresses are quickly forgotten, but victimisation the correct rhetorical devices in a proper and effective way can make any speech memorable. President John F. Kennedys speech is a prime example of a speech that stuck with people and is still be referred to time to time. Kennedys speech has stuck with the country for over four decades and will continue to have a great impact on the world. Kennedy knew what to say and when to say it through his own style and grandiloquence. He uses many different rhetorical devices to achieve the main goal of his speech. That being America is not afraid to fight for what is right and let the enemies know that America is not afraid of its enemies. President Kennedy uses parallelism to emphasize the key points and make sure that his message is given clearly.

Advantages of Starting Up a Business

Advantages of Starting up a Business * Being your own Boss you rear make your own decisions, keep your own era and not scram to answer to The Boss * Hard Work & Know How If you are a hard worker and / or have immense labor know how, you may want to avail from the long hours you do or the knowledge that you have acquired over time. * Financial Independence One day, you may invite your dream of financial independence * Creative Freedom no more restrictions, you can do what you like and have the freedom to work, design, urinate, build what you think is scoop your way Goodwill you dont have to pay for it (as if your would if you were buying a vexation) you get to build it * Location, Premises, Building Fitout you get to choose it all * Staff your not lumped with module you dont want. You hire and train from scratch your way * No Bad Name a fresh business, a fresh start. Your name has no bad fib with suppliers or customers. If you buy a business, you may find some people j ust wont deal with the business because of past dealings * Business Image you create the business image you want. Your way.Disadvantages of starting your own small or medium business can include * Cash Flow your business may not have a positive cash flow for two years how are you going to cover that? * Competitors you may invest all this time, money and fret into your business and a large competitor targets your customers and offers them a similar product / service at below your cost until your business has failed. While this may be anti competitive and contravene sections ofThe Trade Practices Act 1974, it may be too late for your business * Homework have you done it?You may do it all and then find when you are all set up, that something from left field becomes apparent and significantly alters the outlook of your business * History If you buy a business, you are buying something. You are buying history of the business trading, you have staff in place, equipment and premises in place, customers ringing in with orders on your graduation exercise Monday morning. If you start a business, you have no history. Everything must be generated from scratch. * Married to the Business this is a common hrase from small business owners. It basically means, your hours of work and take of commitment is such that you cannot take a holiday, your business is always with you (day, nights weekends) and basically your neck is on the line. You cant just throw the keys back and give it all international if it gets too hard * Suppliers Suppliers may not extend you credit as your business has no history, so you may have to pay upfront for your goods, and you may not collect money from your customers for those goods for 90 120 days.This is very detrimental to cash flow. Can you sustain this? Have you factored it into your budget? * Family is your family situation such that you can undertake this huge venture of starting a small business from scratch? Think carefully about star ting a business from scratch. It lots means a huge sacrifice with no guarantee of reward. Your live employed situation may actually be a better target than starting a small business. Good luck, in whatever you may decide. Please think about the advantages and disadvantages of starting a small business.Our list in a higher place is only a starting point, each situation will be different. If you are seriously considering starting a small business, Rogerson Kenny Business Accountants offer a free initial consultation, so you can discuss with us your ideas Advantages and disadvantages of buying an existing business Advantages * Some of the groundwork to get the business up and track will have been done. * It may be easier to obtain finance as the business will have a proven track record. * A grocery for the product or service will have already been demonstrated. There may be established customers, a reliable income, a reputation to supply and build on and a useful network of cont acts. * A business plan and marketing method should already be in place. * Existing employees should have experience you can draw on. * Many of the problems will have been discovered and solved already. Disadvantages * You often need to invest a large amount up front, and will also have to budget for professional fees for solicitors, surveyors, accountants etc. * You will probably also need several months worth of working capital to ssist with cashflow. * If the business has been neglected you may need to invest quite a bit more on top of the purchase price to give it the best play of success. * You may need to honour or renegotiate any outstanding contracts the previous owner leaves in place. * You also need to consider why the current owner is selling up and how this skill impact the business and your taking it over. * Its possible current staff may not be happy with a new boss, or the business might have been run badly and staff morale may be low. Advantages and disadvantages o f franchisingAdvantages * Your business is based on aproven idea. You can check how successful other franchises are before committing yourself. * You can use a recognisedbrand nameandtrade marks. You benefit from any advertising or promotion by the owner of the franchise the franchisor. * The franchisor gives yousupport usually including training, help setting up the business, a manual weighty you how to run the business and ongoing advice. * You usually haveexclusive rightsin your territory. The franchisor wont sell any other franchises in the same territory. Financingthe business may be easier. Banks are sometimes more likely to lend money to buy a franchise with a good reputation. * You can benefit from communicating and sharing ideas with, and receiving support from, other franchisees in the network. * Relationships withsuppliershave already been established. Disadvantages * Costsmay be higher than you expect. As well as the initial cost of buying the franchise, you pay contin uing management service fees and you may have to agree to buy products from the franchisor. The franchise agreement usually includesrestrictionson how you can run the business. You might not be able to make changes to suit your local market. * The franchisor might goout of business. * Other franchisees could give the brand abad reputation, so the recruitment process needs to be thorough * You may find it difficult tosellyour franchise you can only sell it to someone ratified by the franchisor. * All profits (a percentage of sales) are usually shared with the franchisor.

Frankenstein Bibliography

Bewell, Alan. An Issue of Monstrous Desire Frankenstein and Obstetrics. The Yale Journal of Criticism 2. 1 (1988) 105-128. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Denise Kasinec and bloody shame L. Onorato. Vol. 59. Detroit Gale Research, 1997. 105-128. Literature Resource Center. Web. 12 Nov. 2009. This essay pretty much discuss how Mary Shelley gives to the development of a human being (the creature). It remarks female imagination, and how it works mimetically in fetuses. And talks alot about women pregnancy. Seabury, Marcia Bundy. The Monsters we Create Woman on the Edge of Time and Frankenstein. Critique Studies in Contemporary Fiction 42. 2 (2001) 131. Literature Resource Center. Web. 12 Nov. 2009. This article points out the creature differences from the rest of the society. It also describe similarities between Walton, Frankenstein, and the creature, such as isolation and very introspective. Through the Looking Glass master copy Frankenstein and Robert Owen. Extrapola tion 43. 3 (2002) 263. Literature Resource Center. Web. 15 Nov. 2009. This article discusses the importance of education.It explains how Victor was obsessed with education. It mentions how the creature survives and handles to educate himself with less train than average people. Yousef, Nancy. The Monster in a Dark Room Frankenstein, Feminism, and Philosophy. Modern Language Quarterly 63. 2 (2002) 197. Literature Resource Center. Web. 4 Nov. 2009. This article talks about Frankensteins endeavor, and his day-dream to create life without a woman. It also explains the creatures peculiar isolation and his education. The article gives some example of the creatures first reek an reactions.

Difference Between Gdp, Gnp and Nnp

unwashed domestic product (gross domestic product) is the total mart value of all final swells and services produced in an economy in a year or a given time period within a countrys borders (domestic output). This includes all production, both material and intellectual, everything produced by government and private business as well as consumer goods and capital construction. Gross case product (GNP) is the total income earned by a countrys factors of production in a year or a given time period, regardless of where assets are located (nations output).Net national product (NNP) is the total market value of all final goods and services produced by residents in a country during a given time period. The difference between GDP and GNP is the net remote income (NFI), which is the difference between factor payments received from the foreign sector by domestic citizens and factor payments do to foreign citizens for domestic production. The gross in GDP and GNP indicates that on that poi nt is no allowance for derogation (capital inspiration), value lost that occurs to inventory while it sits before being sold or consumed or the amount of money of capital resources used up in the production process.That is the difference between GDP and NNP. Depreciation (DP) is a reduction in the value of an asset with the passage of time, due to wear and tear. It can include consumption of goods in the production of other goods or services. Examples are the wear and tear that occurs with capital equipment such as machinery, transportation vehicles, office equipment and tools (all of these items eventually wear down and need to be replaced), accidental damage, obsolescence or loneliness of capital assets. GDP is most commonly calculated by the expending method.It is done by adding consumer expenditure (C) + firms investments (I) + government spending (G) + exports minus imports (X-M). GNP is calculated by taking GDP + net property income from abroad (NFI). NNP is calculated by taking GNP DP. For example, if a Chinese bon ton operates and earn profits in Australia, the income is included in Australias GDP but not chinawares GDP. This is because the production took place in Australia. However, the profits earned are included in chinawares GNP but not Australias GNP.This is because China owns the assets. There is also nominal GDP, which is right aways output at todays prices and real GDP, todays output at base-year prices. To calculate real GDP, we take the nominal GDP, use a GDP deflator and adjust it for inflation. Inflation is the prolong increase in overall level of prices. This will overstate the value of GDP even if there has not been any increase in economic activity. The GDP deflator is a price index, which includes all good and services, rather than just consumer goods and services.

Austronesian Migration Essay

SynopsisAustronesia, in historical terms, refers to the fatherland of the peoples who speak Austronesian languages, including Malay, Filipino, Indonesian, Maori, Malagasy, native Hawaiian, the Fijian language and around a thousand other languages. The Austronesian homeland is thought by linguists to have been prehistoric Taiwan.ReviewResearchers believed that our Ancestors came from Southern China and traveled through Taiwan and arrive in Batanes, a northernmost province in the Philippines. They Inhabited the Area for oer a Thousand Years. After a thousand years they travelled to south and arrived at Madagascar and to a fault travelled east and arrived at Easter Island in South America. These travelers are called Austronesian Speaking pile which means speakers from the South East Asian countries like Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia and many more. Austronesian People are too Great Seafarers. They build and use Canoes for travelling the Open seas. They also developed the Technolog y to navigate and crisscross the Open seas.Historians believed that the Early Filipinos used Outrigger canoes and sails for very large explorations. And they leave off that our Ancestors doesnt cross land bridges from Brunei instead they used boats for Transportation. It is believed that Austronesians greatly contribute in the first appearance of different South East Asian languages an. These discoveries are proved by Relics and Artifacts found in the settled countries. Like Burial Jars ( Manunggul Jar ), Talismans, Jewelries ( Lingling-o ) and Tools/Ornaments. Since the Ancient times, Trades are present in the Philippines. Our Ancestors are trading Ornaments and goods for Minerals, Porcelain items, Jewelries, Accessories etceteraThis proves that our Ancestors played an important role in the Growth of theCulture and Languages in the whole world.

Negative Views Concerning Video Game Violence

There argon m whatever different views to a greater extent or less goggle box games and the transactions vehemence has on children and society as a whole. to a greater extent feel that games are defamatory and puzzle no purpose but to serve as an unintelligent and wasteful medium of entertainment. Others feel that games have commode to offer and go away one day be as respected a medium as television, radio or books. Input from both sides of the issue was gathered and a conclusion was drawn found on various studies and opinions. Throughout The course of this report, the issue of violence in boob tube games and the overall expenditure of games in general will be addressed.There are a swarm of negative views concerning idiot box games, particularly of the violent variety. Critics say that violent games are a pretty poison for society, fancy strain and fireworks with no redeeming value. They say that depiction games take impeccant young children and taint them with imag es of fiery destruction. Many of these critics also see that most of the games on the market are violent and bash the industry for it. film games are one of the most engaging form of media on the market, theres no denying that.But does the immersiveness of games make them more than apt to blur the line between fantasy and reality? Some people say so. At the very least, it is desensitizing, so there cant really be anything estimable about it. And yet, marathon sessions of Quake have non made the author of this essay into a raging mass murderer, or even any less squeamish at the sight of real violence. Perhaps one may become desensitized to ersatz violence, but at the same time not to real world violence. Just how do games effect impressionable young children? Do they effect them at all?No studies seem to be determinative on this issue, but it would seem that upbringing plays a major role in how a video game effects a childs life. Other important factors are the kind of game th at is being vie, and how healthful the motives and rewards for killing are. How a parent raises a child really determines everything about a childs young life, and untold of what that child will grow to become.If the child cant determine fantasy from reality because they havent been taught the difference, it doesnt matter whether there is a single video game on the face f the Earth. It is inevitable that virtually form of media will eventually have the same sort of effect on them that video games would. Rich Fleider of Rogue enjoyment puts it this way television receiver games are totally an extension of humans innate desire to play. Without video games, that desire would totally express itself in a different fashion in another medium. There is no let off and no remedy for poor parenting and it is wrong to use games or movies or anything else as a scapegoat. star sign Dochtermann of Ritual Entertainment believes that .. he only thing that can corrupt a young thought is an unhealthy environment in which to grow. Parents who blame their problematic children on Dungeon and Dragons and video games are save beating down the wrong door. Paul Jaquays, a level designer for gaming industry mogul id Software had this to say about the types of video game violence Although Im certain Im doing my share of rationalizing here, I guide to categorize it into two distinct classes A) Violence against the enemy War in the name of self defense, demand actions against violent criminals.B) Violence against the innocent Acts of violence against non-aggressors, bystanders, children, or those committed as a part of a game which glorifies crime, etc. The former, in game terms, is acceptable to me. The latter is not. Some recent games such as Carmageddon, Postal, and Grand Theft Auto fall into the latter. Most people find the irreverent treatment to innocent people in these games quite offensive, and for good reason. If any kind of video game violence is harmful Type B v iolence is definitely that kind of video gameWhat is the worth of video games? I just dont understand the point of those games, many say. Well, thats a valid comment from someone who has never played a game. Anyone who had played a game for any decent amount of time would understand their appeal. They furnish hours of entertainment, improve hand-eye coordination, act as a form of communication and help people learn cooperative acquisitions. On top of that, many people believe that games provide a positive way to stray anger and frustration. The entertainment value of some video games is tremendous.Just ask anyone who has played Threewave Capture the iris for Quake, or spent sleepless nights feeding their chronic addiction to Civilization. Raven Softwares Jon Zuk had this to say about video games as entertainment Some games are time-wasting entertainment, and thats not a bad thing. The people who complain loudest about games should probably sit down and play one. They might (GAS P ) actually enjoy it,. Games are a good way for kids to develop good hand-eye coordination and good timing.Without killer reflexes and good aim, one will find some difficulty trying to conquer any action game. Killer reflexes and good aim not only serve to make you better at video games but can help in sports Video games are a good way for people to communicate and make friends. In the words of Dave Taylor, proprietor of Crack dot Com, You can make friends. Ever played a net game and because told stories about how you managed to sneak the commando in unseen and blow up their power plant in C&C? Or retold the beautiful long-range kill you made with a projectile from exalted atop a ledge in Quake?You can also make friends by difference out and drinking beer, smoking cigarettes and partying all night, which can lead to liver disease, lung cancer and depression. As stupefied and worthless as some people make games sound, I think games are a more intellectual alternative than the s tandard way to make friends. Games can also provide a lot of valuable skills that are transferrable to every day life. With the exclusion of training how to circle strafe and rocket jump, games can teach you a variety of useful tidbits.Dave Taylor has this to say about the kind of things you can survival of the fittest up by playing games Adventure games can teach problem solving skills, useful for learning how to research and how to get things done. Strategy games can teach the value of resource management a skill valuable in all sorts of leadership positions. Action games can improve your reflexes, a skill valuable to the military and to athletics. Games are a method of eliminating stress and anger in a oil-bearing and harmless way. Video games may actually be part of the solution rather than the problem. Ric impregnable P. Gray a. k. a Levelord says I dont take any grand pride in enjoying the misfortune of others, even if they are bad, but I can not deny this passion is the re and I think ignoring it may even be worse than riding it down abstract, non-damaging avenues. There are many different types of games, and not all of them are violent in the slightest. Why then, do violent games make up the bulk of games on store shelves? The reason is not necessarily that game companies are trying to capitalize on violence (Although sometimes that is the case), but that they are limited by design to create violent games.In the words of master game designer Warren Spector, Were doing the best we can with the tools available to us in an infant medium. The fact is, its insanely hard to mimic human behavior on a computer. Heck, its intimately impossible to make a character walk in a convincing manner. Its really hard to create a world simulation deep enough to allow players much freedom to guide how theyre going to react to a situation its pretty much limited to kill that thing over there, or talk to it (And even talking is way hard ).On the other hand, its real ly favorable to put a monster on the screen, tell it to dodge around a bit and let the player kill it I guarantee you will see games where the layer can do more than kill things were getting closer every day. In conclusion, the research done in this project suggests that games are slightly more (To paraphrase the old Transformers cartoon) than what meets the eye. Like Shakespeare was persecuted for his works and like movies and television took their share of heat, video games are simply the newest thing to have all of societys ills piled on top of them. In the future, things will change.

Administrative Law – Paper

Administrative in effect(p) simply centre that the branch of human race law which deals with the organization and powers of administrative and quasi administrative agencies and prescribes the principles and rules by which an official action is reached and follow-uped in relation to whatsoeverbody liberty and exemption. Technically, from the definition it is clear to state that administrative law is bound and founded to determine the legality of the governance action, the nature and orbit of the powers conferred to the government official d ane checking holler of administrative power.Meanwhile, the study of administrative law can be explained in broader after meditative the red light and green light theories, in which the red light theory views primarily that bearing of administrative law is to consider the law and control the state power and desires to minimize the encroachments of the state on the rights of individual whereby this is monitored and controlled by judiciary .In connection to that, Green theory relies much in operation of the state in the sense that it allows the intervention of the state in larger public concern ensuring right of citizen and well being of society as whole and this can be achieved through freedom of information, active involvement, positive deliberation, stiff consultation and other similar action at the level of administration. In the same vein, the issue raised, if the means are non reliable, how the end could be?Just or un beautiful. In the light of the control utensil discussion hereunder is considering intensively how far the means which are non accepted could result to unjust end. POLITICAL PARTIES as per the political parties Act ,is defined as any organized group organise for the purpose of forming a government or local government authority within the united country through pick or for putting up or supporting candidate to such election .Now, the modern political thoughts tends to accept the notio n that political parties are absolute essential to democracy so far the political parties try to crystallize many shades of opinion into cardinal coherent polity unify many diverse division into one manageable unit. The political parties are manifested from the right of freedom of assembly as stipulated in the constitution .The political parties are mechanism to perform an important operation of lodge in articulation, whereby an individual finds out the open channels to express their interest and needs, and also performing involvement of interest aggregation ,where peoples demands converted into general policy alternatives. Therefore in modern democracy ,it has perpetually been necessary to guarantee and protect the freedom of assembly ,in that line it is one of the platform for attainment of favorable development and nurturing of democratic advancement in a given society.But the situation contrary to our country today, the right is restricted and its enjoyment subjected to the laws of the land, the problem comes in the course of interpretation and ,implementing the realization of this right. Experience can be drawn respectively from Tanzania, that the state limits the occupation of political parties so as to enhance the sustainability of state powers, in that respect various laws and aspect which curtails the freedom of association for political parties and its operation . Starting with- Cumbersome executions for the registration of semipolitical parties. t is a requirement of the law under political parties Act that any political companionship upon the request for registration moldiness have at least 200 members from ten different orbit in the country. this number is too large and unrealistic especially in Tanzania where democracy is at babe stage. this provision denies the nourishment of democracy. Forinstance the denial of CCJ(chama cha jamii). Also under the same act it is provided that any political ships company ,by its constitution advoc ates the break up of union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar shall be disqualified and denied registration. gain this provision limits the scope for scope discussion and will of the people towards union. The brass of permanent subject area voters registration under the study election Act where without being registered the constitutional right to vote and being voted is vanished. in 2010,some irregularities in the system contributed good number of citizen not to vote due to typographic errors, double entry, false inclusion of liveborn in the list of deceased. Mere technicalities defeated the rights of citizens.Denial of independent candidate one should not be compelled to sum of coin a political party in vagabond to enjoy political right. the right to participate in governance of state includes right to vote and be voted. Also the practices shows that the ruling party during election employ the government resources in the campaign. forinstance using of government vehicles and c onverting the government plans to political promises. this act are against free and fair election which is fundamental aspect of democracy.The role of police force basically the police force does not guarantee the right to freedom of assembly but chastely regulates the enjoyment of the right. on the ground of national security or public safety the police have the power to prohibit the assembly , even ,Lugakingira J,viewed that the law does not operate to take away the right to hold assembly or salary increase it only empowers the police and magistrate to step in far the preservation of peace and order. but the police utilise such discretion power contrary even where is not necessary and sometimes used in favour of ruling party.To underscore this, refer the theatrical role of Mabere N yaucho Marando&another Vs Attorney customary where it was held that in order to maintain public order and security during political rallies ,it was important for permit to be issued. til now that discretionary power to issue permit had to be exercised juridically which required that all political parties view same and equal treatment Therefore, the supra means seems to be not trustworthy ,hence bars the offset of democracy which is the disposition of our constitution, and participation of people in a matter and due political routine fear to face the iron bar of law enforcers.Hence this will defeat the interest of change and jurist in community. ACCESS TO JUSTICE this emanates from the cardinal principle of law that e actually person is equal before the law. Regardless of political stands ,religious affiliation, all should be treated alike without affording unnecessary privileges and exemption. Right to price of admission arbitrator is fundamental principle of rule of law. As in the case of Mwl. Paul john mhozya Vs Attorney General held that everyone and every institution or organization in this country is enjoined to pay respect to the principle of conquest of the law.Access to nicety should be devoid of undue technicalities which defeats the end of justice, the procedure of taking government to flirt is very cumbersome . this is supported by the case of Peter Ngomango Vs Gerson Mwangwa and Attorney General held that the right of an individual to have free access to the cost is well recognized by constitution. the requirement of the consent of the look before one can sue the government as imposed in section 6 of government proceeding Act infringes constitution therefore this law is arbitrary and oppressive since it does not subjected to any control, therefore offends proportionality test.Also access to justice goes further to the speedy in dispensation of justice. As in the case of Hussanaira Kharton Vs Home Secretary State of Bihar held that delay in trial by itself constitutes denial of justice. In some circumstances citizens are denied the right o be heard ,while one has to be heard so as to access justice, failure to heard a party con stitutes the violation of natural justice which is the spirit of the law. As in the case of Judge in charge of Arusha &Attorney General Vs Munuo that no one should be condemned unheard.On the other hand, independence of judiciary and impartiality of it determine highly the proper access and attainment of justice. But number of means such as judicial appointment, poor remuneration, and judicial infrastructures denies a number of people not to meet justice. also some enactments such as civil procedure code on the issue of security for cost and election Act on requisite for money so as to launch an appeal of election. , denies the access of justice . refer Francis ndyanabo Julius ishengoma Vs Attorney general. Therefore, justice should not be commercialized ,but should be done though heaven falls.Through easy entry to judicial system, availableness of legal representation, equality before the law, our means will be trustworthy and end will be just. HIGHER ADMINISTRATIVE AUTHORITIES The se include president, ministers ,civil service, higher institutions, and boards, these bodies ought to comply with the principle of natural justice in the course of discharging their duties. the principle are to give reason(s) for any decision made, to hear both sides. And should not be dominated with the personal interest but public interest.The failure of decision maker to take into handbill a relevant consideration in making administrative decision is one of the instance of abuse of power and discretion, this would entitle a party with sufficient stand to seek for judicial review of ultravires administrative actions. Now, proper procedures must be followed and decision maker not be biased. In supporting the above arguments ,the following cases are material. in the case of Mohamed Jawad Mrouch Vs Minister for home affair held that discretionary power must be exercised fairly, and this requires adherence of the rules of natural justice .Also the case of Said juma muslim shekimweri Vs Attorney General held that I this country,civil servant are pink-slipped for misconduct only and not pleasure of president. and when civil servant dismissed cause must be assigned. Therefore, in the light of the case of James Gwagilo Vs Attorney General where Mwalusanya J(as he then was)held that there is no doubt that the absence of reasons would render the constitutional right of appeal and judicial review ineffective and illusionary I have come in the view that the administrative authority must omply with legality and proportionality test. ORDINARY JURISDICTION The matter of jurisdiction is not a mere technicality but fundamental. And independence of judiciary is the spirit of the jurisdiction of the court. by the virtue of Article 107 of constitution, the court is conferred jurisdiction to provide justice. Independence of judiciary rely on the basis of condition of service and tenure, sort of appointment of judges and discharge of their duties, and degree of stability and logistical protection against outside pressure and molestation . ut judges are appointees of President from another pillar, remunerations comes from executive, this is ridiculous. Also application of law must be of retroactively, and each case must be adjudicated objectively and on merit and not self interest of judges, and impartiality is paramount important. Refer the case of James Bita Vs Iddi kambi held that the judiciary is an instrument of state set up to adjudicate impartiality disputes between subjects and subjects or subjects and government. Judicial officer at any level should not flinch from performing this sacred duty.Therefore ,the court should not be subjected to the means which are not trustworthy and unreliable so as to enable this temple of justice to be free and dispense justice and justice only without fear. WRIT JURISDICTIONThis includes writ of mandamus,prohibition,certiorari,and habeas corpus. , as stipulated under the law reform (fatal contingency and miscel laneous provision)Act . The citizen may be aggrieved with the actions and decisions of administrative authorities and request upon the high court to make review and issue an order which is prayed.However, the court writ jurisdiction is oustered by other laws and cause the court to inhabit dumb in case of the abuse of of power by public authorities. Article 41(7) enshrines that there shall be no challenge from any person and no any court shall have the power to check into or entertain the issue of legality of president who announced by National electoral commission. The court of law is jealous of its jurisdiction ,as held in Mtenga Vs UDSM that it is trite to observe that the court is and has to be for the protection of public ,jealous of its jurisdiction and will not lightly finds its jurisdiction oustered.Also presence of undue technicalities such as one can not ask for the judicial review unless he/she has obtained leave. This mean leave could defeat the interest of justice fran kly this is not proper approach to justice. in the case of Timothy Mwakilasa Vs Principal repository held that it is an admitted fact that applicant has not obtained any leave from this court to make his application. That being so, the purported application is left-handed in law and this court ca not entertain it. Court of law is guardian of citizen rights and it is a temple of justice in which everyone is free to access and attain justice.The means to reach it should not be complex but smooth and trustworthy so as to arrive at the peak of justice. commonplace OPINION AND MASS MEDIA This two aspects are underscored under the article 18 , and constitutes a primary element of democratic society . It cannot be conceivable without free debate and freedom of media. However the freedom of lay in and publishing newspapers,magazines,books,bulletins are hampered by the government through the laws which are not trustworthy. Minister ,in his opinion on the ground of public interest may dec ide to bann any newspaper in the land .Forinstance outlaw of Mwanahalisi newspaper. this law ousters the jurisdiction of the court ,in which the court is jealous on it. Also according to Africa media barometer report, Tanzania communication regulatory authority(TCRA) is not entirely independent since both board chairman and director general are presidential appointees. This situation can compromise impartiality of media. Harassment and killings of the journalistswherejournalist tend to shock the higher authority by publishing some news ,entered in hostility with the power.On February 2010,journalist Asraj mvungi and others were arrested by police officer following the order from district officials that they instigate land conflict. in connection to that ,killing of one Daud Mwangosi (journalist)draws a road towards the killing of freedom of media. And another challenge is that media is owned by politicians, tycoons and religious institution, hence editorial freedom demises. Therefo re ,the laws that regulates sweetening and betterment of the media is subjected to the absolute discretion of government authorities.This is ridiculous and peril towards transparency and accountability of the government of the day. Hence,with this lead the end shall not be just. As I arrive to the conclusion ,I am of the view that trustworthy means and procedures are cornerstone towards a good end, and always an end justifies the means. therefore,it is high time for us to look back on our laws making bodies and interest of justice for the purpose of modifying them. it is my humble opinion that citizen and government has to respect and adhere constitutionalism and democracy.