Roles of a financial manager

pieces of a fiscal omnibusIntroduction Of The History Of The conk And Qualifications Of A monetary coach-and-fourFirst we example up to infrastand the term pecuniary fencer, Brealey, Myers and Allen (2008, p.6) referred this term to any oneness in an giving medication who is specialized in pay and responsible for the gilds enthronement or financing decision, large corporation may name it as applyler, internationalistic conglome place charge appoint a incarnate Financial Officer CFO to be responsible for incorporate planning.History Of The Financial Managers percentageEver since 1900s and even aft(prenominal) the Great Depression in 1930s, the basal purpose of a pay people was only a descriptive discipline on book arresting which means accurately reputationing all proceeding related to the payment of suppliers, billing of customers, and handling of specie passing through the accounts de plane sectionment and issuing periodic financial statements. Until lat e 1960s increase contender in industries forced financial private instructors to shift their focus towards evaluating investment opportunities and making decisions on the choice of as secures and liabilities necessary to maximize the companys value. The 1970s and 80s was a period of increased international competition, CEOs became concerned with operational efficiency to conduct with the fast growing market, this included the write up dies which was streamlined and required to reach out to becoming a profit center for the whole organization (Besley Brigham, 2005, p.6). This transitional shift was gradual and finance managers roles argon no desireer stuck solely to the score functions, hence a new operational trend brought in a new breed of heavily educated accommodatelers profession with MIS training and computer systems operational capabilities to bring by efficiency and accuracy in management reports and summary versus the old accounting systems. Olley (2006) quoted a study by the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) The Practice Analysis of Management chronicle (1996) which mentioned that since the mid 1980s, management accountants baffle transitioned from the tralatitious role of being a number cruncher to an internal management consultant and decision-support specialist. Over the century, finance manager has risen to a highly educated, professional and ingestionful positions in the entire corporate structure.Qualification Requirements Of A Financial Manager FMIn natural practice, a finance manager has to acquire ACCA/ HKICPA or grade in accountancy or financial planning academic track record or even a chartered accountant qualification, who may possess a minimum of 10 years mother in accounting and financial planning. The traditional c areer path towards a Financial Manager was through the accounting clerical ranks, then live on onto being an dish outant accountant and accountant. Other recruiters would prefer one who has been a n auditor as this experience allows the individual a wide exposure to auditing and learning from divergent industries, cognition of financial situations and how to avoid human or systems errors, so that the person is more affluent on how to manage a smooth transaction flow.Expectations From Corporations, Job interpretation And Key Attributes Of FMExpectations From CorporationsThe functions, trains and scopes of responsibilities of financial managers fanny be very different depending on the size of organizations. For large corporations, the generic role is highly focused on strategical analysis while for smaller organizations, the role could only be more concerned on the collection and preparation of accounts and ledgers.Michael Page International, one of the fields executive recruitment agent, posted a front scallywag headline advertisement in Classified Post of South China Morning Post on 14 November 2009 in the collect of a Chief Financial Manager. The advertisement stated the incumbent allow be an integral part of the senior management team, report to the Managing Director MD with the ultimate responsibility for the control of the world(prenominal) finance operation of a new venture. The person leave need to manage the silver situation of each branch of the line of merchandise and exercise the financial strategy across multiple locations and exit need to build the necessary reporting, risk and control frame achievements. The person also needs to prepare analysis and financial models and visualize configuration to corporate policy and national accounting practices. In addition to expert finance advice, the incumbent should possess strong commercial acumen and will trim closely with the MD on strategic addition and contractment plans for the fear, furthermore, to liaise with shareholders, key investors and build relevant bank buildinging relationships. The client anticipate someone with experience working within an entrepreneurial envir onment and display the ability to be part of a dynamic team.Allicolven, another executive search consultant, listed the criteria on its advertisement in JobsDB (13 November 2009) that the appli piece of asst has to fork over value-added insight into opportunities and risks, responsible for completing the statutory consolidated financial audit for the organization, as well(p) as ensuring the impeccable application of global accounting policy issues for the company and its subsidiaries, the development and maintenance of global controls touch treasury and cash management. The client required from the incumbent excellent leadership, proven understanding of regulatory working upper-case letter issues and align with regulators, excellent communication and command of English and Chinese. These advertisements include all the criteria this write up aims to discuss on and one great deal easily see the challenging roles of a finance manager nowadays which exceeds the normal accounting f unctions already.Job Description Of FMTypical work activities, stated in the Job Description of a Financial Manager in JobsDB (9 Nov 2009), Prospects (16 Dec 2009), and Careerplanner (16 Dec 2009) are summarized below, with each requirement stating understandably a standard that has to be met and how the results of the good work would impact the organizationManage and get by the day-by-day accounting functions to examine relevant accounting activities are handled in compliance with the regulatory requirements and group accounting policies and maintain the highest standardCoordinate and execute all financial related activities in the groups businesses to chequer the victorian financial management and minimize the financial risksAssist the top management to plantulate strategic and semipermanent business plans supervise and supervise the month-end closing to visit all management reports are tendered on snip and with accuracyPrepare and limited review monthly financial charts for all offices, debrief the financial data and results into business implication to relevant divisional headsCompile various periodic analytical reports and hold discussion meetings with division heads timely to alert them of the modifyd business perpetrateanceLiaise with external auditors to undertake annual auditing is performed smoothly enter in the group internal audits to ensure proper control roles are in placeMonitor cash flows, oversee the do line of descenting, predict future trends of cash and fund management to optimize the benefits of the companys fund usageEstablish the annual budget program and financial models to sustain a smooth and ecumenical processHandle appraiseation and legal mattersReview and implement efficient and good internal control system, make recom- mendations on existing work procedures to improve efficiency. Set up accounting software to ensure it meets the corporate accounting requirementSupervise the accounting staff locally and ensure t he accounts department is well managed, liaise with overseas accounting heads to make sure appropriate guidance and directions are effrontery. Assist in appropriate recruitment and furnish coaching and training programs to staff members and conduct performance review for them sketch independently, when applicable, take the initiative to provide input on process improvements as it relates to reconciliationsDevelop network and relationships with biotic community and external contacts, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as customers, auditors, solicitors, bankers, brokers, assentors, damages companies and statutory organizations. Provide assistance and solutions to them whenever necessaryAnalyze and keep updated of changes in legislation, financial regulations, competitors move and market trends, research and report on factors influencing the organizations business performance and hint the management accordingly.The Key Attributes And Competencies Required For FMIt is almost a prerequ isite for a professional finance manager to be analytical, rational, cautious and meticulous yet possessing a macro view of the whole accounting picture, ethical, risk sensitive and inquisitive to detect fraud in any areas in the organization. General individualized attributes such as being hardworking, independent with initiative, responsible and accountable, well organized, efficient, timely, cost-effective, self motivating, willing to work under pressure are expected. In addition, management skills to enhance productivity of the accounting team, inter in the flesh(predicate) skills in proactively communication the financial facts and findings to the management, coordinating with other department personnel and decision makers, and being a team sham would be most appropriate and eligible to be a finance team leader.Typical Accounting Roles Of Financial Managers And The Critical AspectsGitman (1992, p.8) defined that financial management is in the arena of business management, d edecated to a studious selection of sources and prudent use of jacket, with the aim in enabling a spending unit to move towards the direction of reaching its goals. The duties and responsibilities of financial managers vary with their specific functions and position titles in different organizations, this includes being a controller, treasurer, credit manager, cash manager, internal auditor, appraiseation manager, risk and insurance manager. Each of these functions has their critical aspects and prime objectives.Function As A ControllerControllers direct and compile the preparation of financial analysis reports concluding and forecasting the organizations financial status. These analyses include income statements, balance sheets, continual review of revenue and expense trends and analysis of future earnings. Controllers provide periodic compilation of business cycle forecasting statistics and periodic calculation of a standard set of ratios for corporate financial performance an d regulatory authorities. Controllers make financing decisions typically including should the company raise notes by borrowing short term or long term debt or by merchandising stock and equity, timing to pay dividends and timing to sell the debt and equity. The long range plan should include a listing of capital investments required and calculate the economic benefits to attain the revenue and profit objectives. Brigham Ehrhardt (2002, p.502) mentioned clearly that effective capital budgeting and funding allocation including cash management, budgeting, sourcing and requirement cease improve both the timing and note of asset acquisitions, all of these decisions affect the investment profile of the company hence impact the shareholders value. It is common that controllers oversee the accounting, audit and budgeting, logistics departments and are responsible to communicate any financial variances and adverse trend results to management, along with recommendations for improvement.Wi th regards to budgeting, stonemason (2007, pp.121-123) briefed that a controller should regulate various budgets on sales and revenue, revenue wasting disease, profit and loss, capital expenditure and cash budgeting. The prime purpose of budgetary control is to maintain expenses to be spent within the limits of income. As the budget is set, a controller moldiness control cost and management overheads and allocate the costs accordingly. auspicate 1.0 illustrated basic elements of management overheads, listing clearly actual expenses versus the budget assigned.Function As A treasurerTreasurers are responsible to oversee the organization cash, execute capital-raising strategies to support expansion of the company. Basically, as Brealey et al. (2008, p.6) mentioned, treasurers look after the investment of funds and manage associated risks, supervise cash management and deal with merging and acquisition activities. To ensure tasks to be properly processed, they need to maintain relati onships with bankers, stockholder and other investors holding the companys securities. An example of Allied pipeline Products, given by Besley Brigham (2005, pp.690-691) which issued different classes of securities because the finance team was aware that different investors had different risk and final payment trade off preferences, so to appeal to the broadest possible market, Allied offered securities to attract as legion(predicate) different types of investors as possible. Besides, different securities are more popular at different points in time, the company can issue whatever is popular at the time they need money. A wise strategy that takes avail of market conditions can lower a companys overall cost of capital.Function As A mention ManagerCredit managers have to tailor make credit agreements that concerns the indebtedness limits, evaluate the credit applicants, ensure that the company maintains a fixed centre of working capital to cover the companys operating cash need s. Primarily, they oversee the companys issuance of credit, develop credit rating criteria and arrange the ceilings, establish an accounting system for the sake of banking transactions (Van Horne, 2002, pp.449-459). Furthermore, they are responsible to review the collection reports, status of outstanding balances, then determine to collect debts of past-due accounts or submit the delinquent accounts to solicitors or outsourced agencies for collection. This role ensures the company to have valid funds for the operation and arrange new sources of finance for a companys debt facilities.Function As A Cash ManagerCash managers varan and control the flow of cash, control check stock, signature plates, separate the responsibility for the cash receipts and bank reconciliation functions, process all accounts payable and receivables, and cash application transactions in accordance with bang defined procedures. Petty cash authorization and usage is to be supervised, recording incoming cas h payments and ascertain amount of cash discounts taken. All above measures have to be scrutinized to ensure proper cash in-flow record and usage to meet the business and investment needs of the company and avoiding the risk of committing fraud if the operations are not monitored well. Least to mention, cash flow projections are required so that the management needs to determine if external loans are needed to meet the cash requirements or if surplus cash can be invested in other interest-bearing instruments.Cost accounting and Inventory accounting is another major role of Cash Managers, they need to conduct job or process costing and verify the record valuation, because inventories form a link between production and sale of products. Van Horne (2002, p.463-465) explained that cash managers measure the benefits of descent versus the cost, like account receivables, inventories hedging should be increased as long as the resulting savings exceed the total cost of holding the added inventory. Other than paper work, cash managers have to coordinate periodic physical inventory counts, audits and allocation methods, and provide periodic compilation and evaluation of the inventory costs.Function As An Internal attendee And Coordinator With External AuditorsThe scheduling and management of periodic audits within the company lies upon the shoulder of the Internal Auditor. The preparation of audit reports and communicating the findings and recommendations to the management and board of directors is essential. Without saying, they are responsible to assist the annual external auditing. Auditing for fraud particularly for small scale transactional fraud is difficult, so by observing the environment, the managing persons accountabilities and employee lifestyles may help in detect unnoticeable fraudulent act. American and European based corporations have their own internal auditors who perform ad hoc auditing within the corporation worldwide at least once or twice a y ear.Function As A Tax ManagerThe reporting requirements of all governmental authorities have increased heartyly and become more complex, so it becomes mandatory that companies comply with the changing federal and local revenue laws and regulations. Tax managers handle the measure filing and reports for the organization so they must be familiar with tax laws and report timely to the Inland Revenue and tax authorities. Profound noesis of and experience in international business and personal tax laws will help in this role although company may admit external tax consultant or tax attorneys. Tax managers should review the annual and strategic plans to develop the tax jurisdiction and liabilities for each period, develop tax shelter policies, research the foreign tax consequences of the business plan, recommend actions concerning all tax adjustments and at times, defend the company in respect to disputed tax matters. Eun Resnick (2001, pp.475-486) recommended some measures to be ta ken by tax managers, such as accelerating deductions which involve depreciation, making use of local and foreign countries tax credits, avoiding non-allowable expenses, increasing tax deferrals and obtaining tax exempt income to use the excess tax savings in other forms of investment. It is critical that the application of tax laws must be considered in many day-to-day operating decisions, setting up business operations overseas, utilize tax havens, consider personal tax situation when hiring expatriates which will help to avoid paying excess taxes by the company or individuals.Function As A Risk And Insurance Manager And Liquidity Crisis ManagerRisk and insurance managers oversee the operations, projects and production programs to minimize risks and losses that may arise from financial transactions and business operations. They need to manage the insurance budget, analyze and measure risks of the investments, direct operations of brokerage firm which were commissioned in buying and selling securities, insurance negotiations, and finally select the insurance brokers and carriers. Establishing procedures for custody and control of assets, records, loan collateral, and securities, review reports of securities transactions and price lists is critical to ensure safekeeping and analyzing the market conditions. Rowe et al. (1994, pp.383-386) suggested risk managers to work on the capital cost overruns, nationalization of facilities as some countries may nationalize certain industries with little or no recompense to the previous owners, ecological costs notably in the asbestos and tobacco industries, sales fluctuations, market growth rate, companys market share, investment required, cost of production, raw material scarcity, deterioration of margins for competing products, and technological advances. They would identify the key variables that have impact on the business decision, after all, a long range plan should include an in-depth judicial decision of the risks that may occur as a result of the business plan. If impending problems are predicted, company can avoid going into involuntary liquidation.Functions Specifically Required In Financial InstitutionsFinancial managers who serve in financial institutions, such as commercial and investment banks, finance associations and credit unions, oversee a phase of functions, including loans, trusts, mortgages, futures, lines of credit and investments. They must be highly familiar and operate in compliance with the State laws and investment regulatory rules and always keep abreast of the fast growing array of financial services and products. Arnold (2005, p.627) suggested that managers have to evaluate and examine application, approve or reject, lines of credit and commercial, real estate and personal loans, they also need to be aware of, and assess the international risk that arises due to foreign currency exchange rates and inflation rates, economical and political situations which may impact t he local and foreign countries bonds requisition.Liability ResponsibilityFinancial manager, regardless(prenominal) of the functions above, should monitor the accruals, take a standard review of customer advances in the closing procedure if the company regularly deals with a large amount of customer deposits. They should plan the authentic and long-term liabilities, such as accrual for bonuses, commissions, property and income taxes, royalties, unpaid wages and vacation pay, warranty claims, by period, in addition, they can analyze each way to dilute the companys obligation such as using just-in-time inventory methods to reduce accounts payable and arrange for a good payment terms for product or materials purchase and update the projected debt status to the year-end closing (Spiceland et al., 2009, p.358). A cautious procedure and alertness will assist the companys growth with little draw backwards.Organizational And Strategic Roles Of A Financial ManagerAs computerized systems ar e unanimously used in corporations, so finance managers can utilize more time in establishing strategies and implementing the short and long term goals for their corporations.As Part Of Management With Management SkillsA Financial Managers function can be very distinct and like any other department manager, a finance manager needs to have general management skills such as A) Planning on what work is to be done and the completion schedule in the accounting department, especially in the timely process of transactions and guiding the budgeting process B) Organizing the financial tasks, office management, and software, hardware utilization C) Directing the department work to ensure it operates in an tell apartly manner D) Measuring the performance of all key aspects of the department to ensure that performance meets or even exceeds the standards set E) Delegating work to accounting subordinates and F) Process controlling and eternal reviewing if assignments are completed with accuracy and within the time frame F) A finance manager must have a good knowledge of both company and industry operations in order to know how they impact the operations and new strategic move of the organization.As A Strategic argumentation PartnerAny business decision, in particular the crucial strategic move, cannot dart ahead if without assessing the financial implications. This extends the domain of a finance manager to be involved in strategic business management. To debate successfully, a company must analyze its cost position relative to that of competitors, finance manager will play a strategic role here to provide militant-cost analysis, if all competitors costs are researched, the company can project future price levels, anticipate competitors moves, prepare countermoves, and assess the potential of its strategies for success. Van Horne (2002, p.199-200) understand competitive-cost analysis begins with an analysis of strategic cost-driving factors which determine a companys r elative long-run position. The initial question is to determine which costs are relevant in a strategic sense, should the company do the things right by cutting costs in the short run or doing the right things to position the organization for long term cost advantages by exploiting opportunities for excess returns. Rowe et al. (1994) had a good insight by raising a number of questions while revealing the financial analysis, the manager should ask if the new strategy is appropriate given the companys current financial position in the industry, do we have the financial resourcefulnesss to initiate the strategy, are financial resources being allocated correctly in order to achieve the strategic goal, should acquisitions be considered, should outsourcing be considered.Finance manager can help in companys growth by determining a wise use of the strategic funds (which is total funds available minus the baseline funds) for purchase of new tangible assets such as facilities, equipment, and inventory, to increase working capital, and to fund direct expenses for research and development, marketing, advertising and promotions and even for mergers and acquisitions.As Corporate Policies Writer And EvaluatorBeing cautious and versatile in the financial principles and discipline, knowing a serious-minded planning would affect the strategies of the company, finance manager should initiate the details of all procedures, the authorization and limitations of peoples act, regardless such act is aggressive or ignorant, into written polices and procedures. Such policies can include the operation of the accounting systems and statements issuance, the inventory purchase and control, capital and asset investments, human resources compensation plans and expenses, capital evaluation and auditing control measures must be enacted into a procedural manual for all divisional managers to follow suit. Besides, authorization and procedures of credit and collection policies, dividend polices with regards to the dividend amount and payout timing must be thoroughly documented and regulated because rightful process allow less human error or falsified ethics, avoid paying excess tax which would overall influence the level of a companys accounts receivable. A good policy and practices impact the quality of the trade accounts, increase the companys branding and competitive edge in the market.Handle Mergers And Acquisitions And ConsolidationsFinancial managers have an essential function in mergers and consolidations, in global expansion and related financing. The primary motive and purpose of merging two companies is to increase the value of the combine enterprise. Say if company A and company B merge to form a company C, and if Cs value exceeds that of A and B separately, then synergy exists and such merger should be beneficial to both As and Bs shareholders. A recent headline is Bank of Americas BA 2008 acquisition of Merrill Lynch which made BA the worlds largest wealth m anager. Both Brealey (2008, p. 883) and Brigham Ehrhardt (2002, p.970) cited on the same record breaking example of AOL spending a significant amount of USD156 billion in acquiring Time Warner, aimed to create a company which offer consumers a comprehensive package of media and instruction products. Financial managers possess extensive and special knowledge in the areas of risks reduction, valuing the targeted firm, compliance of merger regulations, international foreign exchange, tax considerations, analysis of the companys current surplus funds, merger analysis of benefits of the complementary color resources of income, and last of all provide a post-merger report. Without the merger analysis by financial managers, these merger and acquisitions and consolidation in the market would not have been active worldwide, especially in the USA.Maximize Shareholders ValueA competent finance manager should act in the interests of the companys owners and shareholders, maximize current weal th and profit of the organization by increasing the companys market value. To do so, monitoring the equity of the organization in terms of debt and credit is important, because investors expect a high return on the capital invested in terms of dividends, minimized liabilities and a maximized stock price. Brealey et al. (2008, p.22) explained that the real assets of the organization need to produce sufficient cash to satisfy bankers debt, so the capital budgeting responsibility of the finance manager plays an important role to calculate how much money the company can invest and into what kind of assets that could be predicted to earn the most and fastest, and diffuse all concerned risks. This measure is to ensure enough flow of money from investors into the company is well utilized and then maximize the return back to them to satisfy the shareholders.SummaryWith any and all of above accounting and organizational functions that Financial Managers have to perform and fulfill, it is alm ost imperative that they should take the initiative to advise, make recommendations for improvement to the management on all financial related matters. Acting as a counselor and invigilator of senior management is critical and affect the extract of the company. Prince (2005, p.15) quoted an example on the CEO of Kmart who exercised extensive high spending manners, extravagances and received excessive executive compensation in the cost of the corporation finally led to the bankruptcy of the company in January 2002, now became a subsidiary of Sears Holdings Corporation. Likewise, General Motors Company GM which was ranked as the largest US automaker, filed for liquidation in June 2009, finally help by US Governments Troubled Relief Program and commenced its reorganization since July 2009. On the other hand, the low resource utilization manner of Murdoch (Prince 2005, p.15) was advised to use the high value assets to offset News Corporations debt, eventually, the company was spared l iquidation due to the financial approach.Nowadays Financial Manager Versus Traditional Accounting Manager And The Challenges Accompanied With This RoleThere is a growing realization that a Financial Manager is no longer called on only to process accounting transactions and issue financial statements when these tasks require detailed technical knowledge but no considerable management or analysis skill. Instead, the modern finance manager or controller must exhibit additional mastery of a multitude of management skills, so that the accounts department runs in an efficient and effective manner, offers a detailed analysis of financial statement results, recommends improvements, and monitors the activities of other departments and possibly even manages the computer systems in a smaller organization. They should no longer focus on the paper driven reports, so modern finance managers need to radically change the finance report styles and to be efficiently generated by the computerized sys tems.Financial managers need to cope with the competitive advantage, add values to the corporation, and advance into the use of electronic spreadsheets for financial analysis, target costing, disaster recovery planning, fraud prevention plan, inventory valuation, activity-based costing and budgeting, outsourcing information systems security and software package integration. Nowadays finance managers should utilize the analyzed information to strategize plans to maximize lettuce and act as business advisors to top management.Global Expansion And International Financial Management globalisation is a trend where business enterprise can search for lower production and labor costs complemented with high quality merchandise and production efficiency, companies may have a need to broaden the markets, search for raw materials and new technology. Kim Kim (2006, p.4) defined globalization means integrating the world marketplace and creating a borderless world for goods and services. In the era of heightened global competition, international finance managers have to be a strategic furnish by starting off to consider the external environment in terms of economic situation, the current and future stage of the business cycle, entrance of the new competitors, political