Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Terrorism - Essay ExampleIn this case paper, discussed are the specific comparisons of motives, ideologies, methods & tactics, and histories of the Ku Klux Klan as a domestic terror organization and the Al infrastructure as an internationalist terror group.The Justice Department describes domestic terrorism as the set of acts with the U.S district that are deemed dangerous to a civilian population, violating state and federal laws, and those with not real connection with international terrorist groups or terrorists. The motives of domestic terrorists is to coerce citizens, influence domestic governance approach, and affect the governing administration by dint of mass destruction. Under the domestic terrorism, the Ku Klux Klan has is one of the most notorious terror groups that have functioned with the U.S for over a century. The Ku Klux Klan is also regarded as one of the oldest terror groups in the history of the US with various transformation witnessed throughout its existence (United States Department of Justice, 2015).As long ago as 1865, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is known to have existed up to occurrent year, 2015. The KKK has down the stairsgone through various transformations as well as disbanding that has left the group non-existent for year before springing up again after civil, political, or social issues erupt in the U.S. The initial form of the organization is inform to have existed shortly after the Civil War but its lifespan only lasted for a fewer years before the disbanding of the group. 45 years later, the KKK took shape again following a film released under the name The Birth of a Nation. The countenance wave or version of the group is deemed as having been stronger, organized, and more than ruthless than its previous version. In its revived version, the group targeted Catholics, immigrants, blacks, and Jews as well as alcohol establishments. The second stage of the

Questions on Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Questions on Philosophy - Essay ExampleWhat problem did Kant find with traditional metaphysics and how does he subscribe to solve it? (Think Descartes on this also) He thinks he is writing for metaphysicians and Hume because Hume is skeptic about the surmisal of metaphysics (SparkNotes Editors). 3. How is it that Hume awoke Kant from his dogmatic tranquillity? What was it about Humes philosophy that was so awakening to Kant? What were the reasons Humes observations were so unsettling to Kant? Kant said that Humes skeptical gainsay is what first spurred him toward his critical philosophy. Hume asks how we depose make inferences regarding experience how can I predict what will decease in the future based on what has happened in the past? In ready to do so, Hume suggests, I must know some sort of uniformity article of faith that says that events in the future will fare the same sorts of general laws that they have followed in the past. But how can I know this uniformity princip le? It isnt logically or necessarily true, so I cant simply infer it prior to experience kindred I can with mathematical cognition. However, I fall into a vicious circle if I lead that I know it from experience, since I need to already have the uniformity principle in order to infer thatthe uniformity principle has been true in the past, and it will continue to be true in the future. Thus, Hume concludes that we cannot know that future events will follow the same laws as past events we just get into the riding habit of expecting it (SparkNotes Editors). 4. What questions are the ones that Kant thinks need to be answered first if metaphysics as a perception is to be assertable at all? Which is the question at the foundation of all knowledge? Metaphysics is unlike math or science in that its reach exceeds its grasp. It aspires to know what it cannot know. In finding itself bounded, however, reason also explores the full extent and possibility of human knowledge. While reason cann ot tell us anything about things in themselves, it can be employ to examine our own faculties. Kant redefines metaphysics as a critique, an attempt to examine how knowledge is structured and justified (SparkNotes Editors). 5. What does Kant base by all of our judgments being either a priori or a posteriori and either analytic or synthetic? What are examples of each of them? How do these 4 designations of our objects of knowledge differ from the two that Hume argued there were? Kant distinguishes among a priori and a posteriori cognitions and between analytic and synthetic judgments. Knowledge we gain from experience is a posteriori, and what we can know independent of experience is a priori. A synthetic judgment is one whose predicate contains info not contained in the subject, and an analytic judgment is one whose predicate is a mere analysis of the subject. Kant claims that mathematics, cancel science, and metaphysics all lay claim to synthetic a priori propositionsproposition s that are necessarily but not trivially true, and can be known prior to experience. Since mathematics and pure natural science are well-establi take fields, he proposes to examine how their synthetic truths are possible a priori in the hope that this examination will shed light on the possibility of metaphysics as a science (SparkNotes Editors). 6. What is so peculiar about knowledge that is both synthetic and a priori? Be able to give examples of these and be able to describe how this is possible according to Kant. Kant

Politics of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Politics of globalization - Essay ExampleThe increase in foreign inventory and trade deficit are beatified for the decrease in wages, decrease in incomes, and the exploitation of low income workers in developing nations. In addition, conservatives in the United States believe that government regulation affects the countrys economy, therefore recommending that the market should have the granting immunity to regulate itself. The conservatives argue that excessive government regulation leads to a crowd-out situation (test item 2, p.4). Globalization has likewise transformed the world, an issue that raises concern on the rising irregularities for instance, illegal drug trade in Mexico, pack violence, human trafficking and the import of tainted drugs and food from foreign countries such as China. These are the negative personal effects of globalization, which could cost loss of innocent lives Mendelson adds that the government should intervene through creating a balance in competition , and determine globalization (test item 2, p. 3). In addition, the hunger for energy or natural resources leads to unfair competition, and global race, which may create instability of nations. Moreover, globalization can be viewed as a zero sum game, in general because growth of jobs and opportunities in the fast developing nations like China makes them winners, while high levels of unemployment and poor nutrition standards in some states like Indiana, in United States, result in such states being losers. In addition, globalization is said to create inequality among countries, as the developed nations continue to succeed.

Hamilton Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Hamilton - Term Paper ExampleIn 1815, there was a chopping mill that became the forts industry in this area. The area grew speedily which was aided in 1827 by a channel to Burlington Bay that is in line with Lake Ontario. In 1833, Hamilton was integrated as a guard village where a legislature was thereafter passed where it was able to establish a market1.When the townshipsfolk of Hamilton was first incorporated in 1833, its first order of business was to establish place for its board to meet where they met at topical anesthetic taverns like Thomas Wilson Inn at Jackson Streets. Hugh Cossart Baker established the first life damages company in Canada.2 It later became the first functioning railway that transformed Hamilton into a major means for the immigration route from Boston and Newyork to Chicago. In 1856, the town saw the first locomotives built.In 1862, Hamilton town invested in the Great Western Railway and at the end of the Depression in 1862, the population in the town had dwindled since it was not able to meet the interests on its bonds held by British investors. In the 1870s earned run average the town started to need a financial edge and shifted to an economic strategy of attracting the industry.It saw the birth of working class in 1872 and unionists that created the Nine Hour Movement that was to fight for limited hours to nine daily by the government. The same era saw the Bank of Hamilton established which lasted until 1924. It merged with The Commerce that later became the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce.In 1847, the town established the first department store. The town played a huge role in the telephone development. In 1877, Hugh Cossart Baker Jr established the first commercial telephone in Canada in the town of Hamilton. He also established the first telephone exchange in the British Empire. He make the town to be the first commercial site for long distance telephone line in the British Empire. This paved

Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Amiri Baraka (LeRoi Jones) - Essay ExampleEven after retirement, he remained active and productive.The assassi tribe of Malcolm X became the turning point of his life where he changed his name to Amiri Baraka and dissolved his marriage to Hettie Cohen. He became a draw of Newarks African-American community.Amiri Baraka was well known for his writing. He used his popularity as a way of defend the weak from social prejudices (Koolish, 2001). Through poems, plays, fiction, and essays, he showed his leadership by condemning oppression and racial injustice of the African American community in the United States (Epstein, 2006). Through his works and words, Baraka was fitting to he was able to promote drama created by African American playwrights and performed for the African American audience that showed African American issues (Baraka, 1995). For example, his two plays The Toilet and The Slave which were both written in the year 1962 showed his mistrust and hostility towards the duste r society. His award winning production, Dutchman, showed the damage that America inflicts on African men (Baraka, 2000).In 1960s racial discrimination against African Americans was still high. Many black leaders started to rethink their goals, while dome embraced to a greater extent militant ideologies of self-defense and separatism (Lie, 2006). The struggle for civil rights was high aimed at drawing the attention of the nation to the brutality and injustice that African Americans faced. Even though the economic situation was good in the country, many an(prenominal) blacks lived under poverty which was evident in many black urban neighborhoods.Leadership is the ability of a person to lead a group of people or a team to achieve precise task (Northouse, 2012). After studying Amiri Baraka, it is clear that leadership is an in built quality. It can also be attained through an individuals experience which inspires the leader (OSullivan, 2009). Leadership cannot be learnt by plainly r eading about it but it is something that someone gets

Channel and Pricing Strategies, and Environmental Issues Essay

Channel and Pricing Strategies, and Environmental Issues - Essay ExampleThis wallpaper illustrates that Apple Inc. is an iconic American consumer electronics confederacy. The telephoner is headquartered in Cupertino, California, USA. The company was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in the year of 1976. The company specializes in manufacturing crossings like iPod, iPad, iPhone, Macintosh computing devices and many more. The company has planned to launch Apple iDesk (a new product that is an iPad with the size of a desktop and can be mounted on a desk for a computer lab like setting). The company has selected ternion cities (NYC, Tokyo, and Stanford, CA) to launch the product in the initial stage. Apple Inc. has selected three different colleges (New York Institute of Technology, Stanford University and Tokyo Institute of Technology) as a test market for iDesk. This channel may vary in length and number of stages involved in the whole process. The company can shell out iDesk via online stores or customer can buy iDesk from authorized Apple retail stores. Apple has complete chasteness over the retailers of authorized stores in terms of pricing, product availability and promotional support. The company has more than ccc retail stores across the world. A majority (almost 70%) of the Apple Stores are located in the USA. The company has made the contractual agreement with few big players (like Wal-Mart, AT&T, and Best Buy) to distribute a product. The company preferred Joint venture and direct investment model to enter the international market. Organizations set a price of a product higher than any other competitors product and with this strategy, they depict to indicate a quality of the product. This is known as premium pricing policy. Apple Inc. has positioned itself as the marketer of quality products unique in design and applications. Customers are ready to pay the high price for products fabricate by the company. Apple should fo llow the premium pricing strategy for iDesk

The Leadership Effectiveness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Leadership Effectiveness - Research Paper standardThe total quality management reveals the standard followed by the organization right from the minute inputs details to the final delivery of the product or service. The TQM depicts the facts which enable the organization to perceive the mission to excel in the business. It provides a platform to achieve results by concentrating on the factors which influence the most in this contemporary world the node focus and the node acceptability. A leader has to perceive a 3600 view of every human face right from the product manufacturing to the customer value perceptions which depicts the ideal qualities to be followed Deming created a philosophical framework of xiv quality management points stresses on the importance of the employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction with equal value to the customer satisfaction. Andrew Grove stated, If senior managers and know-how managers share a common view of the application, the likelihood of their acknowledging changes in the environment and replying in an appropriate fashion will greatly increase. Sharing a common picture of the map of the industry and its dynamics is a key tool in making your organization an adaptive one. (Andrew, 1999) Whereas the contingency system is about the leaders who are task oriented and adapt according to the tasks and some leaders respond with the inter-relationship among the employees to do the work. The situational leadership theory explains the qualities of the leaders to make to devise the strategies according to the attitude of the employees works under him, thus framing the decisions to make the subordinates feel comfortable to the new techniques adjust to the situation or to the operational environment concerning in that area. I personally observed this concept within my organization. When I was a First Sergeant of an organization of 145 Soldiers, I used this concept daily. I was not accustomed a choice of who my Soldiers were or came from consequently, I had to adapt and apply each skill to each someone Soldier.

Recent court cases on the ADA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Recent court cases on the ADA - Essay ExampleThe American Bill of rights outlines and safeguards the basic human rights in the key country (Malesich, Charles, and Andrei 78). The act for example protects a minority and vulnerable group of the disabled. As such, contravention of the act is a serious criminal offense that validates the consequent lawsuit against Brookdale Senior Living Communities, Inc.BernadineAdams fell ill in July 2011 and was later taken to hospital where he was diagnosed with fibromyalgia. She later went on bury in December, which also doubled up as her sick leave and returned to the company in January 2012. Given her unique condition, Adams requested for new accommodation strategies. She requested for an ergonomic professorship and readjustment of the lighting in her office. Additionally, Adams requested for part time schedule for at least the beside eight days. Her request for new accommodations would help her recover effectively while remaining productive at the company. Instead of making the changes, the perplexity of Brookdale Senior Living Communities, Inc. placed Adams back of a compulsory leave. Additionally, the management of the company told Adams that she would not resume work until she was ready to work full time under the regular accommodation conditions.The management of Brookdale told Adams that her requirements were two unreasonable and would cause undue hardship at the company. The company did not thereafter pursue Adams in any interactions regarding her proposed requirements a feature that compelled Adams to file a charge of difference against Brookdae at the Equal Employment OpportunityCommission. Soon after filing the charge with the EEOC, Brrokdale fired Adams explaining the she had failed to engage in an interaction with the company concerning her demands within appropriate terms. The conduct of Brookdale violated the ADA. EEOC therefore sued the company for both discrimination and retaliation.Discrimination

Choose either 100 best poems for Children or Peter Pan Essay

Choose either 100 best poems for Children or Peter pan out - Essay ExamplePeter Pan or the Boy who Wouldnt Grow Up, when first stage in 1904, was received with almost unanimous enthusiasm. The critics though appreciative were a little cautious and baffle (Watson, 2009, p. 143) and not surprisingly so. Peter Pan was no ordinary childrens tale. With its queer mixture of mere(a) fantasy and very openhanded dark humour, even the first, spectacular viewing of the nobble must perk up hinted at the layers of subliminal messages it contained. Peter Pan evidently deserved further penetration. The Peter Pan myth, as indeed it grew to become, has been interpreted with various perspectives. The Spectacle used in the play, the psychological character of Peter and Wendys relationship, the biographic link to Barries own experiences with the Llewellyn Davies boys have all been scrutinised and commented upon. But the most prominent observation the play seems to make, and Barrie through it, is on the divide separating children and grown-ups.What does Peter Pan say about childhood and adulthood? Or to divide it further, on girlhood and boyhood? Does this commentary hold ground a hundred years after its inception? In what ways have its interpretations changed? Children are known (and often rebuked) for asking too numerous questions what better way to begin such an exploration than to try and answer these?Barries treatment of adult males in his play might be a good place to begin. Neither of the two portentous men characters, Mr. Darling and Captain Hook, is portrayed charitably. Mr. Darling has the trappings of a characteristic patriarchal head, exclusively that is all. He holds no real authority, either at the workplace where he sits on a fanny all day, as fixed as a postage stamp (Barrie, 2008 1904, figure I) or at home as is evident in the scene about the medicine between him and Michael in Act I. Without being too simplistic, one can sum up Mr. Darling as a transv ersal man, too anxious about social propriety and not

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 36

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Examplet refreezing, in the context of use of your planned change, can be achieved through trainings with an intention of facilitation comprehension of the importance of the planned change. As explicated by McMurray et al (2009), such an overture would reduce fragmentation and hence facilitate adoption of a patient-centered approach to care. In doing so, patient-centered approaches will be adopted and subsequently absorbed within your geological formation.Jacqueline, I agree with your backchat particularly your observation that asking the right questions during evaluation will establish the practicability of the planed change. In my organization for instance, asking assessing the costs of the planed change helps establish the adequacy of available resources. I also agree that stability can be achieved through refreezing. Dr. Carol Huston (2013e) elucidates refreezing as a process involving adoption of the implemented changes as the norm or their absorption into organizational culture. Viewing change of implemented processes as part of the organizational culture ensures consistency and in doing so, stability is achieved. Dr. Carol Huston (2013e) also posits that evaluation should be a continual and cyclic process. In this viewpoint, I agree with your observation that evaluation should be

Sustainable transportation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sustainable exaltation - Essay Examplenewable resources is secured by using appropriate methods of regeneration, b) plane if a specific transportation means is based on nonrenewable resources, it should be checked whether the fall/ volume of non-renewable resources used can be replaced by renewable resources of the same amount/ volume and c) the defilement caused as a result of the use of a particular transport means should not be above the limits set by the authorities (Daly 1996, in Black 36).At this point, a critical snub appears are there specific facts that can lead to the characterization of a transport system as non-sustainable? The answer is positive. Indeed, as noted in the study of Black a transport system does not meet the requirements of sustainability when it is related to the following problems a) extremely high atmospheric pollution, b) employment of non-renewable resources above the limit say by the relevant authorities, c) quite high take of accidents, resulted either to deaths or to injuries, d) the level of the systems congestion is high (Black 36).According to the above when having to check the sustainability of a transportation system it would be inevitable to identify primarily the effects of the specific system on the environment. In USA the needs of transportation sector in oil colour are above the grounds rock oil production level in fact the petroleum used in US specific sector reaches the 147% of US oil production (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2). In addition, the petroleum used in US transport sector represents the 67% of the countrys overall petroleum use (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2). It should be also noted that the high helping of petroleum used in US transportation sector, about 63% is used by cars and light trucks (Davis, Diegel and Boundy 2). This percentage can be considered as high if taking into consideration the following fact the energy employ for covering the needs of US transportation industry is about the one th ird

1)What is food insecurity What are the main reasons for food Essay - 1

1)What is nutrition peril What are the main reasons for food insecurity in the developing world - Essay Examplellennium, one of the goals set by indemnity makers end-to-end the world was to reduce 50% of crave throughout the word by the period of 2015 (S send wordes, 2011, p.8). During 2006, everywhere 820 million were expected to be among those who are suffering from hunger throughout developing nations and the rate of hunger is increasing instead of decreasing at a constant rate, especially in African and gray Asian regions (Hampton, 2007). This paper will focus on what food insecurity is and what is causing food insecurity in the regions of developing nations, as well as how it can be countered.During 2000, all the leaders throughout the world decided to comply with the aims and objectives of MDGs (Millennium Development Goals) (Sachs, 2005). On top of the aims and objectives list was the reduction of p overty and hunger. During 2003, the numbers showed positive signs as h unger decreased from 823 million to 820 million which accounts for a change from 20% to 17% of hunger (Skoet, 2006, p.4). Food insecurity is a term used to define conditions when individuals do not lay down irritate to food both physically and economically throughout their life and can not gravel well nutritious and healthy. The components that add up to form the definition and application of food security accommodate existence of abundant amount of food in reality, accessibility of food to individuals and stable accessibility over prolonged period of date, availability of high quality food, and ability of human beings to control their food and what they eat. smart is a term mostly used to denote to food insecurity but it is not rattling food insecurity because hunger can even arise on temporary basis for commonwealth who have abundant amount of food. Hunger does not last for a prolonged period of time and it takes place when agricultural production declines due to changes i n weather and seasons or during war sessions. Hunger can even be categorized as chronic in nature when restricted amount of access to food quality and

Public Policy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Public Policy Analysis - Essay ExampleIt imposes penalties for violation of security laws at high rates than were applicable earlier. It also increases resources for the Securities and Exchange Commission. The Act is applicable to all the companies whether American or outside(prenominal) if they are required to file annual and periodical reports with the SEC. This public policy analysis is to have a better appreciation of regulatory relationship between government and corporation (Zameeruddin, 2003). (Lovik, Merkel, & Bowser, 2006)The enactment of the legislation is apropos in order to protect the interests of the investor from corporate fraud and to require corporate executives to enhance corporate honourable standards. These are with a view to make the US securities market robust enough to be a safe place for investors to invest and do business. It is argued that SOX is an essential policy tool to realize these objectives. The Act comes into posture to address the market failu re as a result of scandals such as Enron and others. The Enron scandal alone(predicate) justifies the legislation to address the market failure characterized by the following consequences. Bankruptcy 20,000 employees were rendered jobless and deprived of wellness insurance. Average severance pay was $ 4,500 and top management executives were paid bonuses exceeding $ 55 million. Employees retirement monetary resource of $ 1.2 billion were lost. Retirees did not get their $ 2 billion retirement funds. Companys top executives en-cashed their stocks worthy $ 116 million. Criminal Charges There were 15 guilty pleas, 6 convictions, 1 acquittal and 11 cases not decided. one-third California based stock traders entered their guilty plea for wire fraud. 4 Meryll Lynch executives confessed to fraud in the Nigerian Barge case. Enrons stock hit a high of $ 90 in 2000 and beastly to $ 1 in 2001. 29,000 employees of auditing firm of Arthur Anderson lost their jobs. And Enrons shareholders su ed the company and their banks for $ 20 billion (Jesso, 2009).SOX

Strategic plan for robin hood and merry men and women Research Paper

Strategic plan for robin hood and merry men and women - Research reputation ExampleThis has put Robin in a dilemma and he has to make a determination sooner than later to feed all of them. An option that he is considering but not sure is macrocosm of transit taxes. Robin acts as the CEO, and is responsible and makes all the important decisions. He is assisted by lieutenants who deliver specific roles assigned to them and concentrate on that. This is in the lines of Fayolism theory (Gallagher et al., 1997). But this is now very tough-minded considering the size of the organization. The charismatic leadership of Robin has worked wonderfully until now. He has been bale to influence his followers by his personal characteristics rather than his position of authority. He has all the characteristics of a charismatic leader such as passion, vision, risk taking, etc (Daft, 2007). But now he will need to find other charismatic and transformational leaders who can work within the organizat ion. BMMMW needs to rework on the focus. Robins personal vendetta must not come in the way of the much higher goal of welfare of the people. BMMMW nonetheless do not have a proper strategy to achieve their goal. Recommendations On assessing the current stake and the primary objective of the organization, following recommendations are made A plan of action needs to be designed.

SONY VAIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

SONY VAIO - Essay ExampleMoreover, marketing serves as a contact amid the firms and customers for the fulfillment of needs of both the parties. Therefore, it needs to be customer- emphasised in order for the business to be juicy and productive.This paper will be concentrating on assessing the changing needs and wants of customers, the brand-building efforts of the companies and how different companies use the marketing alloy to create value for their customers.The term Marketing is a very wide concept including several different sub-concepts in it. It is defined as the process whereby companies identify, analyze and fulfill the needs and wants of customers, involve in value-creation process and focus on building profitable relations with customers in order to get value from them in pitch (Kotler, Armstrong 2006). In short, marketing is your strategy for allocating resources (time and money) in order to achieve your objectives (a fair profit for supplying a good product or service ). (Ed Zimmer 1992)The two important basic concepts in marketing be named as needs and wants, which are the elements of human psychology. It is extremely important to meet the needs and wants of customers to drive sales, which is the stand of most businesses. Needs are necessary for the human survival and one cannot go further in life if deprived from what one needs. While, wants are the extended form of human needs which are plump for up by ones culture, personality and social status. In present marketing environment, the needs and wants of customers are continuously changing and shifting. The consciousness about raising living standards, increase in disposable income, changing trends and fashions keep up moved the consumers preferences from being traditional towards being modern and advanced. Also, though some customers know what they want, some exclusively dont know. And some may have an idea of what they want without that necessarily corresponding with what they need. It, therefore, depends on the marketing aggroup to draw the needs and wants out of them in order to devise a plan and accomplish goals. (Tim Millett) overlap from consumers perspectiveIn todays era of increasing marketing management efforts and spread of advanced media, consumers have accustomed great expectations to the products they consume. The basic objective of a product for the consumers is to satisfy their needs and to be of value for them i.e. a product should be able to deliver the benefits to the customers equal to the costs they have paid for it. The product benefits the customers at three levels Core Product refers to the basic product and its benefits that consumers are seeking.Actual Product includes the products outward features care brand name, design,

Public Relations Essay Example for Free

common traffic EssayThe corporeal scandals of 2002 has affected communication channel g everyplacening bodys climate that companys story becomes paramount to its success if non its survival. The impact of this embodied avaritia has wide implications that hit average Americans in the form of unemployment, and exhausted retirement savings. During this meter of organizational crises, corporate credibility is at an all time low and mankind doubts have spread over into investment market. This situation made it necessary to bear on customary reliance and trust that public dealing professional can adequately provide. Public copulations therefore play an important role in restoring public and confidence and trust in corporate world.Keywords Crises, scandal, greed, credibility, doubts, market, confidenceSynonyms, related harmCrises dilemma related terms problems, Corporate scandal Business organizations disgrace related terms Company issues, negative organizational com mentCorporate greed business organizations greediness for profit related terms Corruption, fraudulent, briberyCorporate credibility business organizations integrity, related terms Honesty, credibility, reliability, and uprightnessPublic doubts public suspicions related terms fears, un reliableties, worriesInvestment market Potential business, related terms business enterprise, business venturePublic confidence public trust related terms patronage, loyaltySearch statementsThree statements that will be the seat of this research are as follow1. Public traffic are a position in a company that does make over to enhanced company refutation.2. Public transaction help companies assimilate arbitrary corporate image3. Public relations is a set of management, supervisory, and technical divisionThe query above gives a particular significance on Public Relations particularly when a certain business organization, or when aboutbody in a high place wanted to have some make over of his reputation. Public relation is all about relating or communicating to the public a relationship that is largely mediated by the crushed leather. According to an article published by the University of Texas in capital of Texas entitled Career Opportunities in Public Relations Public Relations as an agency, communicates the message to the press rather than directly to the particular target.The objective of PR according to the article is to use the Media in redact to create a very powerful message or to be able to project a good image in the eyes of the public (Communication Career Service). Public relations work in the corporations, among individual and other organizations with messages to communicate.However, David W. Guth author (95) of Organizational Crises Experience and Public Relations Roles cited Scott M. Cutlip, Allen H. center, and Glen M. Groom four biramous model of public relations roles the expert- prescriber (or the definer of problems and implementor of solutions), t he communication facilitator (or the mediator concerned with claiming two-way communications), the communication technician (or the non-manager concerned with dressing of communications), and the problem-solving process facilitator (or the Collaborator with other managers in defining and solving problems (Guth, F. 1995, p.4)Based on the above models of Public Relations, it is no wonder that Public relations play an important role in crises management. The expert prescriber or the definers of problems and the implementers of solution are the very public relations model that addressed management crises in business organization. Guth also cited a similar model developed by James Grunig and Todd T. Hunt that reinforce public relations a function of the organization and its environment. The four models of public relations served to either to make over of ones image, or to enhance company refutation.2. Public relations help companies gained positive corporate image. The University of Te xas in Austin article pointed out that, an in-house public relations section is responsible with the corporate image and identity. The PR facilitates everything about the company relations and dealings particularly with the media and other stakeholders of the company. The PR department arranges every thing, from intersection point trade communication, sending out press releases to the media, and cultivating congenial relationships. Hugh M. Culbertson and Ni subgenus Chen rationalize (1996) that public relations are a bit of everything which promotes and helps a smooth functioning of the organization (p. 183).Culbertson and Chen emphasized those public relations connections to marketing have identified PR to help build product identification with the company. Thus, Culbertson and Chen cited that most senior executives and practitioner identified public relations as, an effort, to build and maintain the positive image of the organization (p. 184). Public relations practitioners in todays changing and confrontational era are expected to plan for, and manage corporate crises. Public relations have evolved from macrocosm a mere message carrier to accommodating, listening to public, assessing their needs, demands and expectations, and resolving conflict between groups.3. Public Relations are a set of management, supervisory and technical function. The Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) cited in their paper a popular publication that offered explanation that Public Relations is a management function that assess public attitudes, categorizes the policies and procedures of an individual or organization with the public interest, and plans, and implement a program of serve to earn public understanding and acceptance. It is quite apparent that the scope of Public Relations encompassed the whole of a business organization from trouble shooting of the management crises to product identification with the company, down to building positive image of the company.T he PRSA noted that today, public relations profession are being sought after not just for roles in developing improved relationship with multi cultural communities, but also for skills and public relation function that affects all sections of society. The PRSA article aptly stated that the functions of Public Relations today take galore(postnominal) forms in various organizations, including titles such as public information, public affairs, investor relations, corporate communications, marketing communications, corporate affairs, marketing or product publicity, and consumer service or customer relations (Miller, D. Ford, R.., 2003, p. 2).According to Miller and Ford, seasoned public relations practitioners often carry the title of vice presidents with salaries from $75, 000 to $200,000. Because public relations practitioners are engaged in multiple functions, they tend to be well paid. The salary survey 2003 reveals that the average beginning salary in public relations for a newly hired with baccalaureate degree is between $35, 324- 36,667. The task that a public relations practitioner includes analyzing, issues, problems, and opportunities, defining goals and so forth which can be compared to managerial, supervisory, and technical functions. everywhere all, Public Relations are important components not only of business organizations but also of well-fixed and famous who wanted to project their better side before the public eye. The Public Relations is the trouble shooter during when there is crises management, and the endorser of new products in order for it to be identified with the marketing company. Public Relations role in the business society benefits not only corporate owners and those that have the need to graduate their image before the public but the practitioners as public relations is fast becoming an patience of its own although currently there is misunderstanding between the difference of the role of marketing and public relations. erica A ustin and Bruce Pinkleton (2006) noted that public relations strive hard to help organizations develop and preserve the alteration and relationship that ensure the long-term success.

Case Solution Electro Logic Essay Example for Free

Case Solution Electro Logic quizRam Singam -Electro Logic writeup1. Motivational Strengths and Weaknesses of Electro Logic Strengths Electro Logic (EL) employees are part of a highly fighting(a) industry and they are given the opportunity to make a difference in IT through extensive perfection of the VFVA system. Salaries and wage raises are offered establish on performance, stimulating as such EL mental faculty members will increase their efforts in supporting the giving medication reach its overall goals. On-campus-job training programs are actuate as the employees are able to learn from their colleagues in a familiar environment, maximizing the chances of future successes. The confederacy is continually evolving, engaging as such its employees in a complex dynamic process, which maintains their motivation and reduces subroutine work EL creates opportunities for social interactions, which increase morale and employee collaboration. Weaknesses In Electro Logic the fact t hat major accompaniment comes primarily from the government, the budget for this company was not fixed for a long term, employee benefits, Health insurance premiums bottom change any time, no job security for employees thus employees levels of motivation, and consequently performance and Outcomes are negatively affected.The selection criteria for the newly appointed responsibilities were rather arbitrary and this could generate dissatisfaction. Advancement opportunities are unclear to employees as such fail to properly motivate the EL employees. The internal structure of EL organization is based on vertical hierarchy, with employees being given limited access to distinguish them. The more flat the organization the better the motivation and performance. Reinforcement is missing.The three locations of the Electro Logic separate buildings reduce the employees ability to concentrate and ruffle as a team and also reduce their morale on High-Priority Actions. The micro management in so me areas should be reduced in the main building. The Administrative department should be treated fair as it is also part of the company. The appreciation and integrated team work is missing at the Electro Logic. This reduces the outcomes. Employees personal needs are not recognized by the managers thus reducing the satisfaction.

Desktop Migration Proposal Essay Example for Free

Desktop Migration Proposal EssayThe purpose of this desktop migration proposal is to layout the proposed tasks and activities that ar requisite to expeditiously transition HACKM, LLC exploiters from a Windows 7 computing environment to Windows 8. Currently, HACKM, LLC has 500 desktops/ laptop computers that trial Windows 7. The CEO of HACKM, LLC recognizes a fate to implement HACKM employees to the a la mode(p) Windows 8 technology. This proposal includes deployment schedules, resource estimates,identification of special resources and staffing. This proposal also defines commission controls and reporting procedures, as well as the risks and contingencies in this transition. OverviewIn upgrading to Windows 8, HACKM is seeking to reduce stick out be while enhancing the drug substance abuser computing experience. HACKM would like to keep their systems current with the latest Windows technology by getting a top of the line laptop/ lozenge hybrid. The budget provided by HAC KM is a maximum of $1,000,000 in which $700,000 has been set aside for the acquisition of the hardw ar needed to meet the requirements. The remaining $300,000 is every(prenominal)otted for contract support to execute the task.More details on the recommended product1. 10.6 widescreen with 1920 x 1080 resolution This high-resolution screen is idealistic for word processing, Web browsing, research, reading and streaming HD television system content. 2. Microsoft Windows 8.1 Pro operating system Full laptop capability in the size of a tablet. Run your actual desktop programs, download apps from the Windows Store and serving files in the cloud for easy access anywhere you go. 3. 512GB internal storage capacity plus microSD expansion slot Signifi provoket amount of storage space for software, apps, documents, photos, videos and more. Expand storage with a microSD card. 4. Dual-core processor Delivers responsive performance, smooth-streaming video and fast access to the Web and e -mail. 5. Supports the full Microsoft Office experience Equipped with Microsoft Office Suite. 6. Powerful connectivity with USB 3.0 portion out files, connect accessories and display content on the big screen with a full-size USB port. 7. Docking seat (separate) call down BenefitsMigrating to Windows 8 depart bring HACKM up to speed with the most current operating system. Windows 8 offers superior performance in comparison to Windows 7 and all other versions of Windows. Windows 8 offers improvements in performance, existing capabilities, and is relatively cheaper in costs. Windows 8 starts up more than twice as fast as Windows 7. Windows 8 gives PC users a whole new world of full-screen, touch-friendly, Web-connected apps to explore.Laptop/Tablet Hybrids Benefits2-in-1s come with the advantages of both tablets and notebooks. typically theyll have the form factor of a tablet, allowing users to easily enjoy their favorite websites and apps with touch like they would on an iPad. They sometimes boast better battery life than a typical notebook. They provide mobility advantages for personnel that are regularly on-the-go.ObjectivesThe objective of the task is to immigrate all HACKM desktops to Windows 8 including all of the users files and folders with no information loss, with as much transparency to the user community as possible.ApproachWith any make, a well thought out and sound plan is necessary. Migration technicians go away check the computer hardware compatibility list (HCL) to curse that the recommended hardware is compatible with the operating system. This includes visiting the vendors website and checking for operating system compatibility. For specialty applications technicians will obtain the latest drivers for all hardware. If necessary, 64-bit drivers will be obtained before installation to ensure that devices are compatible with 64-bit operating systems.Windows Upgrade Advisor will be utilized to determine whether any special modifications to system will be required for an upgrade.Technicians will use Microsoft Assessment and Planning Toolkit (MAP) to automatically scan multiple computers and identify for each one computers compatibility for an upgrade to Windows 8. MAP checks hardware compatibility, identifies the availability of updated device drivers, and recommends a migration path to Windows 8. Other migration tasks that will be performed and documented includeAudit user communityConduct user interviews verify user profiles, data location, answer any questions regarding migration. Audit all hardware and software to determine upgrade needs for compatibility with Windows 8 Identify total number of desktops, laptops and related hardware Examine current operating system configuration, user profiles Technicians will use Microsoft Windows Compatibility Center/Advisor to ensure current systems meet upgrade requirements. Identify project manager, project team, and stakeholdersDefine migration management team and point s of contactConduct weekly status meetings to discuss hand and milestonesExamine risks for migrating to Windows 8Data migrationTechnicians will utilize Microsofts Windows Easy modify utility to migrate user data.Windows Easy Transfer is a built-in migration tool to transfer files and settings from one computer to another.software product compatibility congregation Policy Objects (GPO) will be migrated across the HACK domain forest with Advanced Group Policy Management (AGPM). Technicians will use Across Forest Migration to export the GPO and import it into the new Windows 8 production environment. After GPO migration, users will authenticate to the HACKM domain and therefore will not be required to use a Microsoft account with the new Windows 8 systems. Data Backup RestoreData breastplate is crucial for HACKM continuity after the migration. Technicians will1. Identify the critical data that needs to be archived2. schedule this data to dedicated comforter servers provided by HA CKM3. Review data for integrity and qualityTechnicians will backup1. Program data, software data, user folders and files including offline files identified during auditing and user interviews2. Offline files will be copied to external USB hard drives (1TB).3. Backups will be proceed for 90 days after migrationFull backups will be run every night with incremental backups weekly during the migration effort. Technicians will perform a full integrity and consistency check of data.encryptionEach tablet will be encrypted using Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption. BitLocker makes use of a Trusted weapons platform Module (TPM) to provide stronger data protection for the data on the device. BitLocker will allow our technicians to encrypt all HACKM data stored on the Windows operating system volume and configured data volumes, and by using the TPM, it can also help ensure the integrity of the information.NetworkingAll of the new tablets will be equipped with go into stations that have built in gigabit Ethernet networking technology. For increased network security measure, the built-in wireless feature will only be made available on a case-by-case basis.Anti-Virus ProtectionEach tablet will be protected from various threats and vulnerabilities via Windows protector. Windows Defender is antispyware software thats included with Windows and runs automatically when its turned on. Windows Defender offers two ways to help keep spyware from infecting your computer 1. Real-time protection. Windows Defender alerts you when spyware attempts to install itself or to run on your computer. It also alerts you when programs attempt to change important Windows settings. 2. Scanning options. Windows Defender can be utilize to scan for spyware that might be installed on your computer, to schedule scans on a regular basis, and to automatically transmit anything thats detected during a scan. Windows Defender works with Windows Update to automatically install new definitions as theyre released. space MigrationTechnicians will perform the following tasks after migrating users to Windows 8 Update device drivers for unrecognized devices. During installation, drivers for many devices are installed from drivers on the installation disc. Technicians will use Device Manager to verify the status of all hardware devices, and download and install drivers for any unknown devices.Configure Windows Update and download the latest updates.Configure security software configure the Windows Firewall and install anti-virus software. Technicians will make sure to update anti-virus definition files. Migrate user configuration settings and data using the following methods For local files not backed-up to the network, technicians will use Windows Easy Transfer to transfer files from the old computer to the new computer. For all other user data technicians will use the User State Migration Tool (USMT) ScanState will be used on the existing computer to save user settings and files. LoadS tate will be used on the new computer to move files onto the new computer. set up applications and add other Windows features.Configure system backups and other protection methods. Take a complete PC backup and schedule regular user data backups. Roles ResponsibilitiesProject Manager Responsible for managing high performance, interdisciplinaryteam to meet project milestones and achieving measurable performance outcomes. Project manager will manage and channel task progress and milestones. Lead Migration Administrator Responsible for leading the desktop migration effort. This includes analysis of the existing Windows 7 systems and development of the plan and approach and migration of data to the new the new Windows 8 systems. Migration Technician Responsible for user interviews, surveys, data back-up, operating system installation and data migration. Technician will document any issues for escalation and lessons learned. Technician will regularly return with Lead Migration Admini strator and Project Managers.Works CitedAbbass, H. (2012, November 15). How to Transfer your files to a Windows 8 Computer. Retrieved from Darktips.com http//darktips.com/transfer-files-to-windows-8/ BestBuy.com. (2014, December). Microsoft Surface Pro 2 512GB. Retrieved from BestBuy.comhttp//www.bestbuy.com/site/microsoft-surface-pro-2-512gb-dark-titanium/2147061.p?id=1219070148385skuId=2147061 Bestbuy.com. (2014, December). Microsoft Surface Pro 3 Docking Station. Retrieved from Bestbuy.com http//www.bestbuy.com/site/microsoft-surface-pro-3-docking-station/7524004.p?id=1219276472271skuId=7524004 Microsoft.com. (2010, May). BitLocker Drive Encryption. Retrieved from Microsoft Technet http//technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc731549%28ws.10%29.aspx Microsoft.com. (2014, December). sing Windows Defender. Retrieved from Microsoft.com http//windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/using-defender1TC=windows-7 Muchmore, M. (2013, June 24). 5 Reasons You Should Upgrade to Windows 8. Retri eved from PCMag.com http//www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2411451,00.asp

International Trade and Nepal Essay Example for Free

International traffic and Nepal EssayAn isolated, agrarian society until the mid-20th century, Nepal entered the modern era in 1951 with come forth schools, hospitals, roads, telecommunications, electric power, industry, or civil service. The inelegant has, however, made progress toward sustainable scotch growth since the 1950s and is committed to a program of reaching liberalization. Nepal has used a series of five-year plans in an attempt to arrive progress in frugal learning. It realised its ninth economical development plan in 2002 its currency has been made convertible, and 17 state enterprises take on been privatized. Foreign aid accounts for more(prenominal) than half of the development budget. Government priorities over the years return been the development of transportation and communication facilities, farming, and industry.Since 1975, improved organisation administration and rural development efforts have been emphasized. Agriculture stay Nepals princip al economic body process, employing 80% of the population and providing 37% of GDP. Only slightly 20% of the count body politic is cultivable anformer(a) 33% is forested most of the rest is mountainous. Rice and wheat argon the master(prenominal) food crops. The lowland Terai region produces an rustic surplus, part of which supplies the food-deficient hill areas. Economic development in loving operate and infrastructure has not made dramatic progress due to GDP dependency on India. A countrywide primary education frame is under development, and Tribhuvan University has several campuses.Please see grooming in Nepal for further details. Although eradication efforts continue, malaria had been controlled in the fertile salutary now previously uninhabitable Terai region in the south. Kathmandu is linked to India and nearby hill regions by road and an broadening highway ne 2rk. The capital was almost out of fuel and transport of supplies caused by a crippling general strike in grey Nepal on February 17, 2008. Major towns are connected to the capital by telephone and domestic air services.The export-oriented carpet and clothe industries have grown rapidly in recent years and together now account for slightly 70% of merchandise exports. Nepal was ranked 54th worst of 81 ranked countries (those with GHI 5.0) on the Global Hunger ability in 2011, surrounded by Cambodia and Togo. Nepals current score of 19.9 is better than in 2010 (20.0) and much improved than its score of 27.5 in 1990Relations between India and Nepal are close yet fraught with difficulties stemming from geographical location, economics, the problems inherent in astronomic power-small power dealing, and common ethnic, linguistic and cultural identities that overlap the cardinal countries ricochets.New Delhi and Kathmandu initiated their intertwined relationship with the 1950 Indo-Nepal symmetry of Peace and Friendship and accomp anying letters that defined security relations bet ween the 2 countries, and an agreement governing both bilateral dislodge over and trade skiping Indian soil. The 1950 treaty and letters stated that n each government shall tolerate any threat to the security of the other by a foreign attacker and obligated both sides to inform each other of any austere friction or mistake with any neighboring state likely to cause any breach in the friendly relations subsisting between the two governments.These accords cemented a special relationship between India and Nepal that granted Nepal preferential economic give-and-take and turn ind Nepalese in India the same economic and educational opportunities as Indian citizens. Jayant Prasad is Indias ambassador to Nepal. Nepal is developing county with an agricultural economic system. In recent years, the countrys efforts to expand into manu situationuring industries and other expert sectors have achieved much progress. Farming is the main economic activity followed by manufacturing, trade and touristry. The chief sources of foreign currency earnings are merchandise export, services, tourism and Gurkha remittances. The annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is about US$ 4.3 Billion.Agriculture Eight out of 10 Nepalese are engaged in farming and it accounts for more than 40% of the GDP. Rolling fields and unbent terraces posterior be seen all over the Terai flatlands and the hills of Nepal. Even in the highly urbanized Kathmandu Valley, macroscopic tracts of land outside the city areas are devoted to farming. Rice is the staple diet in Nepal and near three billion tons are produced annually. early(a) major crops are maize, wheat, millet and barley. Besides food grains, money crops Like Sugarcane, oil seeds, tobacco, jute and tea are too cultivated in large quantities,Manufacturing Manufacturing is unruffled at the developmental stage and it represents less than 10% of the GDP. Major industries are woolen carpets, garments, textiles, leather products, paper a nd cement. Other products made in Nepal are steel utensils, cigarettes, beverages and sugar. on that point are many a(prenominal) modern large-scale factories scarce the majority are cottage or small scale operations. Most of Nepals industries are based in the Kathmandu Valley and a string of Small towns in the southern Terai Plains.Trade Commerce has been a major occupation in Nepal since early measure. Being situated at the crossroads of the ancient Trans-Himalayan trade route, trading is second nature to the Nepalese citizenry. Foreign trade is characterized mainly by import of fabricate products and export of agricultural raw real(a)s. Nepal imports manufactured goods and petroleum products worth about US$ 1 cardinal annually.The value of exports is about US$ 315 million. Woolen carpets are Nepals largest export, earning the country over US$ 135 million per year. Garment exports account for more than US$ 74 million and handicraft goods bring in about US$ 1 million. Oth er important exports are pulses, hides and skins, jute and medicinal herbs.Tourism In 1998, a total of 463,684 tourists visited Nepal, making tourism one of the largest industries in the kingdom. This sector has been expanding rapidly since its inception in the 1950. Thanks to Nepals native beauty, rich cultural heritage and the diversity of sight-seeing and adventure opportunities available. At one time, tourism used to be the biggest foreign currency earner for the country. Nepal earned over US$ 152 million from tourism in 1998. fissiparous POLITICAL HISTORY19501970In the 1950s, Nepal welcomed close relations with India, tho as the number of Nepalese lifetime and work in India increased and the involvement of India in Nepals economy deepened in the 1960s and after, so to a fault did Nepalese discomfort with the special relationship. Tensions came to a aim in the mid-1970s, when Nepal pressed for substantial amendments in its choose in the trade and transit treaty and open ly criticized Indias 1975 annexation of Sikkim which was considered as part of Greater Nepal.In 1975 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev proposed that Nepal be recognized internationalistly as a zone of tranquility he get support from China and Pakistan. In New Delhis view, if the kings proposal did not contradict the 1950 treaty an extension of nonalignment, it was unessential if it was a repudiation of the special relationship, it represented a possible threat to Indias security and could not be endorsed. In 1984 Nepal repeated the proposal, but there was no reaction from India. Nepal continually promoted the proposal in international forums and by 1990 it had won the support of 112 countries.19701980In 1978 India agreed to separate trade and transit treaties, satisfying a long-term Nepalese demand. In 1988, when the two treaties were up for renewal, Nepals refusal to accommodate Indias wishes on the transit treaty caused India to echo for a single trade and transit treaty. in that respectafter, Nepal took a hard-line position that led to a serious crisis in IndiaNepal relations. After two extensions, the two treaties expired on troop 23, 1989, resulting in a virtual(prenominal) Indian economic blockade of Nepal that lasted until late April 1990.Although economic issues were a major factor in the two countries confrontation, Indian dis blessedness with Nepals 1988 acquisition of Chinese weaponry played an important role. Treaties and letters exchanged in 1959 and 1965, which include Nepal in Indias security zone and precluded arms obtains without Indias approval. India linked security with economic relations and insisted on retreading IndiaNepal relations as a whole. Nepal had to covering down after worsening economic conditions led to a change in Nepals political system, in which the king was forced to institute a parliamentary democracy. The new government sought quick restoration of amicable relations with India.1990sThe special security relations hip between New Delhi and Kathmandu was reestablished during the June 1990 New Delhi meeting of Nepals prime minister Krishna Prasad Bhattarai and Indian prime minister V.P. Singh. During the celestial latitude 1991 visit to India by Nepalese prime minister Girija Prasad Koirala, the two countries signed new, separate trade and transit treaties and other economic agreements designed to accord Nepal additional economic benefits.Indian- Nepali relations appeared to be undergoing still more reassessment when Nepals prime minister Man Mohan Adhikary visited New Delhi in April 1995 and insisted on a major review of the 1950 peace and friendship treaty. In the face of benign statements by his Indian hosts relating to the treaty, Adhikary sought greater economic independence for his landlocked nation while simultaneously striving to improve ties with China. India sponsored Nepals admission to the U.N.O. in 1990.twenty-first centuryNepal remains poor and deprived in 21st century while India has acquired a important place in the being with a very high development rate. In 2005, after King Gyanendra took over, Nepalese relations with India soured. However, after the restoration of democracy, in 2008, Prachanda, the Prime Minister of Nepal, visited India, in September 2008. He spoke about a new dawn, in the bilateral relations, between the two countries.He give tongue to, I am going back to Nepal as a satisfied person. I will tell Nepali citizens back home that a new era has dawned. Time has come to effect a new change in bilateral relations. On behalf of the new government, I assure you that we are committed to make a fresh start. He met Indian Prime minister, Manmohan Singh, and Foreign Minister, Pranab Mukherjee. He asked India to help Nepal frame a new constitution, and to invest in Nepals infrastructure, and its tourism industry.In 2008, Indo-Nepali ties got a further boost with an agreement to soak up piss talks after a 4 year hiatus. The Nepalese Water Resou rces Secretary Shanker Prasad Koirala said the Nepal-India Joint Committee on Water Resources meet decided to start the reconstruction of breached Kosi embankment after the water level goes down. During the Nepal PMs visit to New Delhi in September the two Prime Ministers expressed satisfaction at the age- former(a) close, cordial and extensive relationships between their states and expressed their support and cooperation to further consolidate the relationship.The two issued a 22-point statement highlighting the need to review, adjust and update the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship, amongst other agreements. India would also provide a credit line of up to 150 crore rupees to Nepal to ensure uninterrupted supplies of petroleum products, as well as lift bans on the export of rice, wheat, maize, sugar and sucrose for quantities agreed to with Nepal. India would also provide 20 crore as immediate flood relief.In return, Nepal will take measures for the promotion of investor friendly , enabling line environment to encourage Indian investments in Nepal. In 2010 India spended Line of credit worth $ 250 million 80,000 tones of foodgrains.Furthermore, a three-tier mechanism at the level of ministerial, secretary and technical levels will be built to promote forward discussions on the development of water resources between the two sides. Politically, India acknowledged a willingness to promote efforts towards peace in Nepal. Indian External affairs minister Pranab Mukherjee promised the Nepali Prime Minister Prachanda that he would extend all possible help for peace and development.In 2008, the Bollywood film Chandni Chowk to China was banned in Nepal, because of a scene suggesting the Gautama Buddha was born in India. several(prenominal) protesters called for commercial boycott of all Indian films. modelling DISPUTESSo far as the Indo-Nepal reverberate limitation is concerned, Nepal-India Joint Technical level Boundary Committee is working for the last 21 yea rs (since 15 November 1981). But the termination crinkle is not yet completed. There may be so many reasons the boundary business not to be completed in due time, though it has the target to complete it by 2003. However, this type of target had been fixed many clock in the past as in 1993, 1998 and 2001. But the target was not materialized. The main reasons and issues of the boundary business with India is the jar against encroachments, disputes on certain segments, divergence of opinion on basic materials such as maps and old documents for demarcation, s neglectness in joint survey field teams and so on and so forth. Nepal and India has two massive issues concerning border business gross profit DemarcationBorder ManagementBORDER DEMARCATIONThe Treaty of Sugauli of 4 March 1816, Supplementary Treaty of 11 December 1816 and Boundary Treaty of 1 November 1860 delineate the boundary of Nepal with India. British East India Company made treaty of Sugauli on 2 December 1815 and it was provided to Nepal to make the preclude signature by fifteen days. But Nepal did not make the signature in due time, because of unwillingness.It was finally ratified after 92 days under pressure and compulsion enforced by the British regime that they will invade Kathmandu, the capital city of Nepal. Eventually, it was not signed by the King or Prime Minister/Maharaja but by only the courtier Chandra Shekhar Upadhaya. So there were disputes and conflicts and controversy on the borderline even after the ratification of the Treaty.Historical Border Disputes There were so many issues of disputes just after the Sugauli Treaty. Some of the disputed areas are cited as examples as follows Disputes on Siwalik Range whether the borderline runs from the cover (ridge) of the Siwalik Range or Union or southern foot-hill of the range Origin of the river Mechi whether it is originated from north-east of Antoo Hill or from north-west Dunduwa Range India had claimed that the border line sh ould be followed on the northern foot from Arrahnala to Talbagauda, whereas Nepal denied it.Dispute on ownership of the village and settlements of Ramnagar Zamindari area. Dispute on the lands adjoined with the districts of Tirahoot and Sarun. Land area of Sharada Barrage constructed by India on the river Mahakali. Disputes on the borderline of the river and rivulets, whether it has to be taken on the old course or the new channel. Disputes on the demarcation of borderlines in agricultural land, forest area and village areas, where there are not conspicuous features.Some of the above mentioned disputes were settled with mutual discussions. For example, identification of the origin of the river Mechi was solve by Campbell, taken as the foundation from north-east, though Captain Lloyd had judged in 1827 that the area falls under the jurisdiction of Sikkim. Similarly, the dispute of Dunduwa range was solved jointly by Lieutenant Col. Mac Andrew and Siddhiman Singh Rajbhandari on 7 Ja nuary 1875 that the borderline shall be demarcated on the southern foot-hill of Dunduwa Range from where the plain area begins.Regarding the disputes of Ramnagar Zamindari area, it was settled on 2 January 1841 with an Ikararnama of 95 people of village-heads, gentlemen, Chautaria and Guru Gharana. As far as the matter of the exchange of lands of Sharada Barrage is concerned, Nepal has not yet received 36.67 Acre of land from India. These are some of the examples of the then border issues between Nepal and East India Company. The main problem lies that Nepals southern borderline on the Indo-Gangetic plain with India does not run from the prominent natural features such as mountain peaks, passes, crests etc.NEPAL IS peerless OF THE POOREST COUNTRIES in the world and was listed as the eleventh poorest among 121 countries in 1989. Estimates of its per capita income for 1988 ranged from US$158 to US$180. Various factors contributed to the economic underdevelopmentincluding terrain, lac k of resource endowment, landlocked position, lack of institutions for modernization, weak infrastructure, and a lack of policies conducive to development. Until 1951 Nepal had very little feeling with countries other than India, Tibet, and Britain. Movement of goods or people from one part of the country to another usually compulsory passage through India, making Nepal dependent on trade with or via India.The mountains to the north and the lack of economic growth in Tibet (Chinas Xizang Autonomous Region after 1959) meant very little trade was possible with Nepals northern neighbor. Prior to 1951, there were few all-weather roads, and the transportation of goods was difficult. Goods were able to reach Kathmandu by railroad, trucks, and ropeways, but for other parts of the country such facilities remained almost non-existent. This lack of infrastructure made it hard to expand markets and pursue economic growth.Since 1951 Nepal has tried to expand its contacts with other countries and to improve its infrastructure, although the lack of significant progress was still evident in the early 1990s. The effects of being landlocked and of having to transit goods through India continued to be reflected in the early 1990s. As a result of the lapse of the trade and transit treaties with India in March 1989, Nepal faced shortages of certain consumer goods, raw materials, and other industrial inputs, a situation that led to a drop in industrial production.Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee Nepal-India Joint Technical Level Boundary Committee is working for the last twenty-one years. It is going to relocate the missing pillars, reconstruction of the modify and dilapidated pillars, clear ten-yard width no-mans land and preparation of strip-maps of both the sides of borderline. But it has not opinionated the issues, such as Kalapani-Limpiyadhura, identification of the source or river Kali, Susta dispute, Mechi controversy etc.These are the major issues and problems of demarcations of border between two nations, which should be settled in higher level (most probably in head of the government level) with diplomatic and political level talks. The issues climb slowly up to the ministerial level but it is instantly pushed back to the technical level, which has its limitations as the nature of the problem. In such a fashion, major issues have not yet given yield by the higher level decision making authorities.BORDER MANAGEMENTThere is an open border system between Nepal and India, whereas Nepal has its controlled border system with China. It needs laissez passer and visa to go to China and recently Hong Kong, after China regained it from Britain. If we have a look back on the border management system between Nepal and India, anyone entering into Nepal particularly to the Kathmandu valley and towns of Tarai in general, had to get Rahadani or visa from the district administrations.It was prior to the restoration of Naya Muluk by Nepal in 1860, as the controlled border system was prevalent during that period. Afterwards, it was started slowly to keep the border open for recruiting the Nepalese hill and sturdy boys in British Gurkha regiment. The second factor was to have easy and free access of British and Indian goods and material into Nepal and Tibet (via Nepal). Next was to secure raw materials from Nepal to India such as timber, forest products, herbs and medicinal plants, hides and skins etc.Open Border System Nepal-India Peace and Friendship Treaty of 31 July 1950 motivated for the openness of border between two countries. After the installation of democracy in Nepal in February 1951, it became major turning point in reinforcing the Nepal-India border open with the accelerated movement of Indian nationals into Nepal. Indians used to come to Kathmandu as politicians as advisors to the Nepalese ministers, overseers as technical experts, unemployed citizens as teachers, retailers as whole seller businessmen etc.S imilarly, Nepalese were also free to go to Indian cities in search of jobs and works as guards, domestic workers and eating house waiters. All these phenomena can be cited as Nepal India open border as it is unique in the world in the sense that people of both countries could cross the international borderline from any point / any time. Single citizen could cross the frontier of both the sides without any record running to and fro so many times a day.Impact of Open Border System Every object has its two aspects as every(prenominal) coin bears two faces. And every item has its oppose and positive impacts. Similarly, Nepal-India open border system has its negative and positive impacts for both the nations. But Nepal has experienced a large percentage of negative impacts in many cases, as compared to India. If we make an inventory, negative impact outnumbers the positive one for Nepal. Followings are the impacts of open border system Positive ImpactAs we make a list of positive imp acts, it may be the followings liberal access The most positive aspect of open border system is the easy movement of people of both the countries. Strengthens relationship People to people relation on the frontiers of both sides has been maintained and strengthened due to free movement of people on either side of the border. Rescue operation Prompt services have been offered and provided on either side during calamities and disasters. Health service When there is an epidemic, health services can be offered from both the sides.Instant supply of exertion When there is a shortage of local labour in one side it can be supplied instantly from other side. Competitive Market There is always a competition between the businessmen of the cross-frontier towns to be benefited to the consumers.. Prompt Supply of food grains and day by day stuff Unrestricted border has made comfortable for the prompt supply of food grains and daily foodstuffs from either side of the territory, where there are shortages. Open border has economically benefited the inhabitants of both sides of the border from the sell and purchase of livestock products, vegetables and daily kitchen stuff in Hat Bazars (open-roof markets) taking place regularly in unhomogeneous days a week in different parts on either side.An Overview of Nepalese prudenceThere is nothing much to talk about when it comes to Nepalese economy. The data doesnt paint a rosy-colored picture at all. In fact the picture looks grim. Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world. In fact Nepal doesnt stand anywhere to its otherwise developing neighbors such as India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Thanks to the Sub-Sahara African countries, it is not considered the poorest economy now. Nevertheless, with almost 45% of its population living below the poverty line, Nepal has to do much catching in advance being termed a Developing Economy.Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three- fourths of the population and method of accounting for 38% of GDP. Most of the agriculture activities take place in the Tarai region. The sub-standard equipments and pesticides along with the medieval mode of agriculture make it a tough affair. The industrial sector is in a dismal condition. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products including jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. These things are hardly considered industrial activities by New-school economists.Due to its long stint with monarchy and feudalism, Nepal has one of the most uneven distributions of resources and wealth in the Asia. This has led to the birth of counter initiative movements such as Maoism. Security concerns relating to the Maoist conflict and counter insurgency initiatives have led to a slack in tourism, a key source of foreign exchange.Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower and tourism. These are considered the up coming hot cakes in New-w ave economy. Prospects for foreign trade or investment in other sectors will remain poor, however. There are lots of reasons for this such as the small size of the economy, technological backwardness, landlocked geographic location, civil strife and its susceptibility to natural disaster.

Source based questions on the Vietnam war 1960 Essay Example for Free

Source based questions on the Vietnam state of war 1960 essayAccording to source G, results of opinion polls in the USA in the sixties Vietnam was one of the close important problems facing the USA. This also shows in source F because 64% of people said tv set coverage made them want to fundament the boys in Vietnam while 26% felt moved to meet the war. The safer film made peoples opinions change because through television they could see what was really going on fall out there so peoples interests just some the war increased. Increasing exposure to the war may do changed opinions about the war because like safers film it showed what was really going on because in safers film soldiers were shot by their own men and they were killing innocent Vietnamese people for no reason.Source H shows a letter written by a U. S soldier fighting in Vietnam in 1969 and he is saying about how fed up he is with the war and having to go to sleep and listen to rockets and mortars and acce lerator pedal then having to wake up to fight and see soldiers at the age of 18 and 19 creation killed and having their lives cut off. His attitude to the war is that he is sick of it all and when people hear about this back in the USA their opinions probably changed. I think this soldiers views are probably shared by a lotof other soldiers when they are writing home. The soldiers families probably felt scared for the soldier and worrying if he will survive and this will probably change their opinions about the war. Source I is about American troops going in and killing innocent Vietnamese people in My Lai. The event occurred in March 1968 but was not published until January 1970. There superpower have been a delay in publishing details of this event because if the article was published then Americans would have questioned the soldiers tactics and it probably would have changed a lot of American opinions.The authorities delayed the publication of the article because it would have reflected badly on the soldiers and Americans would have started to question American involvement in the war. Source J is a escort from the My Lai kill and it shows a thirteen-year-old girl hanging on to her mother after a soldier stripped her. The picture creates a disgraceful impression on the American army and people probably wonder why the soldier done it. I dont think this picture was likely to appear in an American newspaper or magazine because people would have been horrified and ashamed of the soldier.If it were published it would have changed peoples opinions of the war. Source K is an anti-war song written by Country Joe Mc Donald in 1967. Anti-war songs were popular in the late 1960s and early 1970s. I think anti-war songs were popular at this time, particularly among young people because they wanted the war to stop because there were so many people getting killed in Vietnam and it was the young people who were existence called up to fight for the war and they didnt w ant to. Anti-war songs were heard by cosmic numbers of people on radio stations, cassettes or at concerts so it might have influenced people to think more about the war.Source K is a bit like Source H because Source H reached large numbers of people like Source K, they both express attitudes of opposition towards the war and they both might have made people change their views about the war. Source L is a political sketch published in the USA in 1969. The cartoonist is making a serious point but is onerous to make the point in a funny way. People usually remember funny things so the cartoonist wants people to remember this point. In the cartoon you see a salesman wearing an American suit and exhausting to sell it to a Vietnamese man by telling him all about it but the Vietnamese man says it doesnt fit.The cartoonist is making points like Americans want the Vietnamese to be like them, Americans and Vietnamese are divergent from each other and America is a big rich country but Vie tnam is a atomic poor country. I have now examined a variety of sources, G, H, I, J, K and L. All these sources give reasons why opinions changed during the war. I think the most important reason for peoples opinions changing during the war were television and things like safers film.

Western philosophy Essay Example for Free

western sandwich philosophical system Essay philosophy is the subscribe to of ordinary and fundamental problems, such(prenominal) as those connected with reality, humanness, knowledge, value, reason, mind, and language. 12 Philosophy is distinguished from new(prenominal) centerings of addressing such problems by its critical, generally authoritative approach and its reliance on rational argumentation. 3 In more casual speech, by extension, philosophy lay nigh refer to the nigh(prenominal) basic beliefs, apprehensions, and attitudes of an individual or group. 4 The word philosophy comes from the past Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. 567 The introduction of the circumstances philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek thinker Pythagoras. 8 Contents hide 1 Areas of inquiry 1. 1 Epistemology 1. 2 Logic 1. 3 Metaphysics 1. 4 Moral and political philosophy 1. 5 esthetics 1. 6 Specialized branches 2 History 2. 1 antiquated phi losophy 2. 1. 1 Egypt and Babylon 2. 1. 2 Ancient Chinese 2. 1. 3 Ancient Graeco-Roman 2. 1. 4 Ancient Indian 2. 1. 5 Ancient Persian 2. 2 5th16th centuries 2. 2. 1 Europe 2. 2. 1. 1 Medieval 2. 2. 1. 2 conversion 2. 2. 2 East Asia 2. 2. 3 India 2. 2. 4 Middle East 2. 3 17th20th centuries 2. 3.1 betimes sophisticated philosophy 2. 3. 2 19th- nose candy philosophy 2. 3. 3 20th-century philosophy 3 Major traditions 3. 1 German sublimeism 3. 2 Pragmatism 3. 3 Phenomenology 3. 4 Existentialism 3. 5 Structuralism and post-structuralism 3. 6 The uninflected tradition 4 Applied philosophy 5 See also 6 References 7 march on reading 7. 1 Introductions 7. 2 Topical introductions 7. 3 Anthologies 7. 4 Reference works 8 outside(a) links Areas of inquiry Philosophy is sort outd into many sub-fields. These include epistemology, logic, metaphysics, moral philosophy, and aesthetics. 910 Some of the major argonas of ponder be considered individually below.Epistemology chief(prenomin al) clause Epistemology Epistemology is come to with the nature and scope of knowledge,11 such as the relationships amongst truth, belief, and theories of justification. indecision is the position which questions the chance of completely justifying any truth. The regress argument, a fundamental problem in epistemology, occurs when, in coordinate to completely prove any orderment P, its justification itself unavoidablenesss to be supported by an opposite justification. This mountain scope can do triple possible options, all of which are unsatisfactory consort to the Munchhausen trilemma.One option is infinitism, where this chain of justification can go on forever. Another option is foundationalism, where the chain of justifications eventually relies on basic beliefs or axioms that are left unproven. The last option, such as in coherentism, is making the chain circular so that a statement is included in its own chain of justification. rationalism is the emphasis on reasoni ng as a source of knowledge. Empiricism is the emphasis on observational evidence via sensory experience over other evidence as the source of knowledge.Rationalism claims that every possible inclination of knowledge can be deduced from coherent expound without observation. Empiricism claims that at least some knowledge is only a matter of observation. For this, Empiricism often cites the concept of tabula rasa, where individuals are not born with mental content and that knowledge builds from experience or perception. Epistemological solipsism is the thinker that the beingness of the existence outside the mind is an unresolvable question. Parmenides (fl. 500 BC) argued that it is impossible to doubt that thinking actually occurs. further thinking must read an object, therefore something beyond thinking really exists. Parmenides deduced that what really exists must birth sealed propertiesfor example, that it cannot come into existence or cease to exist, that it is a coherent w hole, that it remains the same always (in fact, exists altogether outside time). This is known as the third man argument. Plato (427347 BC) combined rationalism with a clear of realism. The philosophers work is to consider being, and the essence (ousia) of things. But the characteristic of essences is that they are universal.The nature of a man, a triangle, a tree, applies to all men, all triangles, all trees. Plato argued that these essences are mind-independent forms, that gentleman ( provided ingredienticularly philosophers) can come to know by reason, and by ignoring the distractions of sense-perception. young rationalism begins with Descartes. Reflection on the nature of perceptual experience, as well as scientific discoveries in physiology and optics, led Descartes (and also Locke) to the enamor that we are directly aware of ideas, rather than objects. This view gave rise to three questions Is an idea a true copy of the real thing that it represents?Sensation is not a di rect interaction between bodily objects and our sense, but is a physiological process involving representation (for example, an image on the retina). Locke purpose that a secondary quality such as a perception of green could in no way resemble the arrangement of p names in matter that go to attain this sensation, although he belief that primary qualities such as shape, size, number, were really in objects. How can physical objects such as chairs and tables, or even physiological processes in the brain, give rise to mental items such as ideas?This is part of what became known as the mind-body problem. If all the contents of awareness are ideas, how can we know that anything exists unconnected from ideas? Descartes tried to address the last problem by reason. He began, echoing Parmenides, with a principle that he judgment could not coherently be denied I think, therefore I am (often given in his seamal Latin Cogito ergo sum). From this principle, Descartes went on to construct a complete transcription of knowledge (which involves proving the existence of God, using, among other means, a version of the ontological argument).12 His view that reason alone could yield substantial truths astir(predicate) reality strongly influenced those philosophers usually considered modern rationalists (such as Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz, and Christian Wolff), objet dart provoking criticism from other philosophers who have retrospectively come to be grouped together as empiricists. Logic Main article Logic Logic is the cartoon of the principles of correct reasoning. Arguments use either deductive reasoning or inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning is when, given certain statements (called premises), other statements (called conclusions) are unavoidably implied.Rules of inferences from premises include the approximately popular regularity, modus ponens, where given A and If A then B, then B must be concluded. A common convention for a deductive argument is t he syllogism. An argument is termed valid if its conclusion does therefore follow from its premises, whether the premises are true or not, while an argument is sound if its conclusion follows from premises that are true. Propositional logic uses premises that are propositions, which are declarations that are either true or false, while predicate logic uses more complex premises called formulae that contain variables.These can be assigned values or can be quantified as to when they apply with the universal logical quantifier (always apply) or the existential quantifier (applies at least once). Inductive reasoning move ins conclusions or generalizations based on probabilistic reasoning. For example, if 90% of globe are right-handed and Joe is human then Joe is probably right-handed. Fields in logic include mathematical logic (formal symbolic logic) and philosophic logic. Metaphysics Main article Metaphysics.Metaphysics is the study of the most general features of reality, such as e xistence, time, the relationship between mind and body, objects and their properties, wholes and their p humanities, events, processes, and causation. Traditional branches of metaphysics include cosmology, the study of the world in its entirety, and ontology, the study of being. Within metaphysics itself there are a wide range of differing philosophical theories. Idealism, for example, is the belief that reality is mentally constructed or otherwise immaterial while realism holds that reality, or at least some part of it, exists independently of the mind.Subjective idealism describes objects as no more than charms or bundles of sense data in the perceiver. The 18th century philosopher George Berkeley contended that existence is fundamentally tied to perception with the phrase Esse est aut percipi aut percipere or To be is to be perceived or to perceive. 13 In addition to the aforementioned views, however, there is also an ontological dichotomy deep quite a little metaphysics betwe en the concepts of particulars and universals as well. Particulars are those objects that are said to exist in space and time, as irrelevant to abstract objects, such as numbers.Universals are properties held by multiple particulars, such as redness or a gender. The type of existence, if any, of universals and abstract objects is an issue of serious debate within metaphysical philosophy. Realism is the philosophical position that universals do in fact exist, while nominalism is the negation, or denial of universals, abstract objects, or both. 14 Conceptualism holds that universals exist, but only within the minds perception. 15 The question of whether or not existence is a predicate has been discussed since the Early Modern terminus.Essence is the set of attributes that present an object what it fundamentally is and without which it loses its identity. Essence is contrasted with accident a property that the amount of money has contingently, without which the substance can still retain its identity. Moral and political philosophy Ethics, or moral philosophy, is concerned primarily with the question of the outmatch way to live, and secondarily, concerning the question of whether this question can be answered. The main branches of morals are meta-ethical motive, normative ethics, and applied ethics.Meta-ethics concerns the nature of ethical thought, such as the origins of the words good and bad, and origins of other comparative words of various ethical systems, whether there are absolute ethical truths, and how such truths could be known. Normative ethics are more concerned with the questions of how one ought to act, and what the right course of action is. This is where most ethical theories are generated. Lastly, applied ethics go beyond theory and step into real world ethical practice, such as questions of whether or not abortion is correct.Ethics is also associated with the idea of morality, and the 2 are often interchangeable. One debate that has comma nded the attention of ethicists in the modern era has been between consequentialism (actions are to be virtuously evaluated solely by their consequences) and deontology (actions are to be morally evaluated solely by love of agents duties, the rights of those whom the action concerns, or both). Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill are famous for propagating utilitarianism, which is the idea that the fundamental moral dominate is to strive toward the greatest happiness for the greatest number.However, in promoting this idea they also necessarily promoted the broader doctrine of consequentialism. Adopting a position oppose to consequentialism, Immanuel Kant argued that moral principles were simply products of reason. Kant believed that the incorporation of consequences into moral deliberation was a deep mistake, since it denies the requirement of practical maxims in governing the working of the will. According to Kant, reason requires that we conform our actions to the categorical i mperative, which is an absolute duty. An valuable 20th-century deontologist, W. D. Ross, argued for weaker forms of duties called prima facie duties.More recent works have emphasized the role of character in ethics, a movement known as the aretaic turn (that is, the turn towards virtues). One strain of this movement followed the work of Bernard Williams. Williams celebrated that rigid forms of consequentialism and deontology demanded that spate behave impartially. This, Williams argued, requires that people abandon their personal projects, and hence their personal integrity, in order to be considered moral. G. E. M. Anscombe, in an influential paper, Modern Moral Philosophy (1958), revived virtue ethics as an alternative to what was seen as the entrenched positions of Kantianism andconsequentialism. Aretaic perspectives have been inspired in part by research of superannuated conceptions of virtue. For example, Aristotles ethics demands that people follow the Aristotelian mean, o r balance between twain vices and Confucian ethics argues that virtue consists largely in striving for harmony with other people. Virtue ethics in general has since gained many adherents, and has been defended by such philosophers as Philippa Foot, Alasdair MacIntyre, and Rosalind Hursthouse. Political philosophy is the study of government and the relationship of individuals (or families and clans) to communities including the state.It includes questions about justice, constabulary, property, and the rights and obligations of the citizen. Politics and ethics are traditionally inter-linked subjects, as both discuss the question of what is good and how people should live. From ancient times, and well beyond them, the roots of justification for political authority were inescapably tied to outlooks on human nature. In The Republic, Plato presented the argument that the ideal society would be run by a council of philosopher-kings, since those best at philosophy are best able to realize the good.Even Plato, however, required philosophers to make their way in the world for many geezerhood before beginning their rule at the age of fifty. For Aristotle, humans are political animals (i. e. genial animals), and governments are set up to pursue good for the residential district. Aristotle reasoned that, since the state (polis) was the highest form of community, it has the purpose of pursuing the highest good. Aristotle viewed political power as the result of natural inequalities in adroitness and virtue. Because of these differences, he favored an aristocracy of the able and virtuous.For Aristotle, the person cannot be complete unless he or she lives in a community. His The Nicomachean Ethics and The Politics are meant to be read in that order. The first book addresses virtues (or excellences) in the person as a citizen the second addresses the proper form of government to ensure that citizens will be virtuous, and therefore complete. Both books deal with the essent ial role of justice in civic life. Nicolas of Cusa rekindled Platonic thought in the early 15th century. He promoted democracy in Medieval Europe, both in his books and in his organization of the Council of Florence.Un want Aristotle and the Hobbesian tradition to follow, Cusa saw human beings as equal and divine (that is, make in Gods image), so democracy would be the only just form of government. Cusas views are credited by some as sparking the Italian Renaissance, which gave rise to the notion of Nation-States. Later, Niccolo Machiavelli rejected the views of Aristotle and Thomas doubting Thomas as unrealistic. The ideal sovereign is not the embodiment of the moral virtues rather the sovereign does whatever is successful and necessary, rather than what is morally praiseworthy.Thomas Hobbes also contested many elements of Aristotles views. For Hobbes, human nature is fundamentally anti-social people are essentially egoistic, and this egoism makes life difficult in the natural sta te of things. Moreover, Hobbes argued, though people may have natural inequalities, these are trivial, since no particular talents or virtues that people may have will make them safe from harm inflicted by others. For these reasons, Hobbes concluded that the state arises from a common agreement to raise the community out of the state of nature.This can only be done by the government of a sovereign, in which (or whom) is vested complete control over the community, and is able to inspire awe and terror in its subjects. 16 Many in the Enlightenment were unsatisfied with existing doctrines in political philosophy, which seemed to marginalize or neglect the possibility of a democratic state. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was among those who attempted to overturn these doctrines he responded to Hobbes by claiming that a human is by nature a kind of noble savage, and that society and social contracts corrupt this nature. Another critic was John Locke.In scrap Treatise on Government he agreed wit h Hobbes that the nation-state was an efficient tool for raising humanity out of a deplorable state, but he argued that the sovereign might become an abominable institution compared to the relatively gracious unmodu new-fangledd state of nature. 17 Following the doctrine of the fact-value distinction, due in part to the influence of David Hume and his student tenner Smith, appeals to human nature for political justification were weakened. Nevertheless, many political philosophers, particularly moral realists, still make use of some essential human nature as a basis for their arguments.Marxism is derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Their idea that capitalism is based on exploitation of workers and causes alienation of people from their human nature, the historical materialism, their view of social classes, etc. , have influenced many fields of study, such as sociology, economics, and politics. Marxism inspired the Marxist school of communism, which brought a h uge impact on the taradiddle of the 20th century. aesthetics Main article Aesthetics Aesthetics deals with beauty, art, enjoyment, sensory-emotional values, perception, and matters of taste and sentiment. Specialized branches.Philosophy of language explores the nature, the origins, and the use of language. Philosophy of law (often called jurisprudence) explores the varying theories explaining the nature and the interpretations of the law in society. Philosophy of mind explores the nature of the mind, and its relationship to the body, and is typified by disputes between dualism and materialism. In recent years there has been increasing similarity between this branch of philosophy and cognitive science. Philosophy of religion Philosophy of science Metaphilosophy Many academic disciplines have also generated philosophical inquiry.These include history, logic, and mathematics. History Main article History of philosophy See also Western philosophy, Eastern philosophy, and History of We stern philosophy besides information Philosophical progress Many societies have considered philosophical questions and built philosophical traditions based upon from each one others works. Eastern philosophy is organized by the chronological results of each region. Historians of western philosophy usually divide the subject into three or more dots, the most of import being ancient philosophy, medieval philosophy, and modern philosophy.18 Ancient philosophy Main article Ancient philosophy Egypt and Babylon Further information Babylonian literature Philosophy and Ancient Egyptian philosophy Main article African philosophy There are authors who date the philosophical maxims of Ptahhotep before the 25th century. For instance, Pulitzer Prize winning historian Will Durant dates these writings as early as 2880 BCE within The Story of CivilizationOur Oriental History. Durant claims that Ptahhotep could be considered the very first philosopher in virtue of having the earliest and surviv ing fragments of moral philosophy (i. e., The Maxims of Ptah-Hotep). 1920 Ptahhoteps grandson, Ptahhotep Tshefi, is traditionally credited with being the author of the collection of wise sayings known as The Maxims of Ptahhotep,21 whose opening lines attribute authorship to the vizier PtahhotepInstruction of the Mayor of the city, the Vizier Ptahhotep, under the loftiness of King Isesi. The origins of Babylonian philosophy can be traced back to the wisdom of early Mesopotamia, which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly ethics, in the forms of dialectic, dialogues, epic poetry, folklore, hymns, lyrics, prose, and proverbs.The reasoning and rationality of the Babylonians developed beyond empirical observation. 22 The Babylonian schoolbook Dialog of Pessimism contains similarities to the agnostic thought of the sophists, the Heraclitean doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogues of Plato, as well as a precursor to the maieutic Socratic method of Socrates and Plato. 23 Th e Milesian philosopher Thales is also traditionally said to have studied philosophy in Mesopotamia. Ancient Chinese Philosophy has had a tremendous effect on Chinese civilization, and throughout East Asia.The majority of Chinese philosophy originates in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States era, during a period known as the degree centigrade Schools of Thought,24 which was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments. 24 It was during this era that the major philosophies of China, Confucianism, Mohism, Legalism, and Taoism, arose, along with philosophies that later fell into obscurity, like Agriculturalism, Chinese Naturalism, and the Logicians.Of the many philosophical schools of China, only Confucianism and Taoism existed after the Qin Dynasty suppressed any Chinese philosophy that was opposed to Legalism. Confucianism is humanistic,25 philosophy that believes that human beings are teachable, improvable and perfectible through personal and communal endea vour especially including self-cultivation and self-creation. Confucianism focuses on the cultivation of virtue and maintenance of ethics, the most basic of which are ren, yi, and li.26 Ren is an obligation of selflessness and humaneness for other individuals within a community, yi is the upholding of righteousness and the moral disposition to do good, and li is a system of norms and propriety that determines how a person should properly act within a community. 26 Taoism focuses on establishing harmony with the Tao, which is origin of and the totality of everything that exists. The word Tao (or Dao, depending on the romanization scheme) is usually translated as way, path or principle.Taoist propriety and ethics emphasize the Three Jewels of the Tao compassion, moderation, and humility, while Taoist thought generally focuses on nature, the relationship between humanity and the cosmos ( ) health and longevity and wu wei, action through inaction. Harmony with the Universe, or the orig in of it through the Tao, is the intend result of many Taoist rules and practices. Ancient Graeco-Roman Ancient Graeco-Roman philosophy is a period of Western philosophy, starting in the 6th century c. 585 BC to the 6th century AD.It is usually shared into three periods the pre-Socratic period, the period of Plato and Aristotle, and the post-Aristotelian (or Hellenistic) period. A one-quarter period that is sometimes added includes the Neoplatonic and Christian philosophers of Late Antiquity. The most important of the ancient philosophers (in terms of subsequent influence) are Plato and Aristotle. 27 Plato specifically, is credited as the founder of Western philosophy. The philosopher Alfred North whitehead said of Plato The safest general characterization of the European philosophical tradition is that it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.I do not mean the systematic scheme of thought which scholars have doubtfully extracted from his writings. I allude to the wealthine ss of general ideas scattered through them. 28 The main subjects of ancient philosophy are understanding the fundamental causes and principles of the human race explaining it in an economical way the epistemological problem of reconciling the diversity and change of the natural universe, with the possibility of obtaining fixed and certain knowledge about it questions about things that cannot be perceived by the senses, such as numbers, elements, universals, and gods.Socrates is said to have been the initiator of more focused study upon the human things including the analysis of patterns of reasoning and argument and the nature of the good life and the importance of understanding and knowledge in order to pursue it the explication of the concept of justice, and its relation to various political systems. 27 In this period the crucial features of the Western philosophical method were establish a critical approach to received or established views, and the appeal to reason and argument ation.This includes Socrates dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of elenchus, which he largely applied to the scrutiny of lynchpin moral concepts such as the Good and Justice. To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek. The influence of this approach is most strongly felt today in the use of the scientific method, in which hypothesis is the first stage. Ancient Indian Main article Indian philosophy.Further information Hindu philosophy, Buddhistic philosophy, Jain philosophy, and Upanishads The term Indian philosophy (Sanskrit Darshanas), refers to any of several schools of philosophical thought that originated in the Indian subcontinent, including Hindu philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Jain philosophy. Having the same or rather intertwined origins, all of these philosophies have a common underlying themes of Dharma and Karma, and besides attempt t o explain the attainment of emancipation. They have been formalized and promulgated chiefly between 1000 BC to a few centuries AD.Indias philosophical tradition dates back to the composition of the Upanisads29 in the later Vedic period (c. 1000-500 BCE). Subsequent schools (Skt Darshanas) of Indian philosophy were identified as orthodox (Skt astika) or non-orthodox (Skt nastika) depending on whether they regarded the Vedas as an inevitable source of knowledge. 30 By some classifications, there are six schools of orthodox Hindu philosophy and three heterodox schools. The orthodox are Nyaya, Vaisesika, Samkhya, Yoga, Purva mimamsa and Vedanta. The Heterodox are Jain, Buddhist and materialist (Carvaka).Other classifications also include Pashupata, Saiva, Rasesvara and Pa? ini Darsana with the other orthodox schools. 31 Competition and integration between the various schools was intense during their formative years, especially between 500 BC to 200 AD. Some like the Jain, Buddhist, Sha iva and Vedanta schools survived, while others like Samkhya and Ajivika did not, either being assimilated or going extinct. The Sanskrit term for philosopher is darsanika, one who is familiar with the systems of philosophy, or darsanas.32 In the history of the Indian subcontinent, following the establishment of a Vedic culture, the development of philosophical and religious thought over a period of two millennia gave rise to what came to be called the six schools of astika, or orthodox, Indian or Hindu philosophy. These schools have come to be synonymous with the greater religion of Hinduism, which was a development of the early Vedic religion. Ancient Persian Main article Iranian philosophy Persian philosophy can be traced back as farthermost as Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts, with their ancient Indo-Iranian roots.These were considerably influenced by Zarathustras teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social influences such as the Macedonian, the Arab, and the Mongol assaults of Persia, a wide spectrum of schools of thought arose. These espoused a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly Zoroastrianism-influenced traditions to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era, such as Manicheism and Mazdakism, as well as various post-Islamic schools.Iranian philosophy after Arab invasion of Persia is characterized by different interactions with the old Iranian philosophy, the Greek philosophy and with the development of Islamic philosophy. Illuminationism and the transcendent theosophy are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Persia. Zoroastrianism has been identified as one of the key early events in the development of philosophy. 33 5th16th centuries Europe Medieval.Medieval philosophy is the philosophy of Western Europe and the Middle East during the Middle Ages, roughly extending from the Christianization of the Roman Empire until the Renaissance. 34 Medieval philosophy is be partly by the rediscovery and further development of genuine Greek and Hellenistic philosophy, and partly by the need to address theological problems and to integrate the then widespread sacred doctrines of Abrahamic religion (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity) with secular learning.The history of western European medieval philosophy is traditionally divided into two main periods the period in the Latin West following the Early Middle Ages until the 12th century, when the works of Aristotle and Plato were preserved and cultivated and the golden agecitation needed of the 12th, thirteenth and 14th centuries in the Latin West, which witnessed the culmination of the recovery of ancient philosophy, and significant developments in the field of philosophy of religion, logic and metaphysics.The medieval era was disparagingly treated by the Renaissance humanists, who saw it as a barbaric middle period between the classical age of Greek and Roman culture, and the rebirth or renaissance of classical culture. Yet this period of nearly a thousand years was the longest period of philosophical development in Europe, and possibly the richest. Jorge Gracia has argued that in intensity, sophistication, and achievement, the philosophical flowering in the thirteenth century could be rightly said to rival the golden age of Greek philosophy in the fourth century B. C.35 Some problems discussed throughout this period are the relation of faith to reason, the existence and unity of God, the object of theology and metaphysics, the problems of knowledge, of universals, and of individuation. Philosophers from the Middle Ages include the Christian philosophers Augustine of Hippo, Boethius, Anselm, Gilbert of Poitiers, Peter Abelard, Roger Bacon, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham and Jean Buridan the Jewish philosophers Maimonides and Gersonides and the Moslem philosophers Alkindus, Alfarabi, Alhazen, Avicenna, Algaz el, Avempace, Abubacer, Ibn Khaldun, and Averroes.The medieval tradition of Scholasticism continued to flourish as late as the 17th century, in figures such as Francisco Suarez and John of St. Thomas. Aquinas, father of Thomism, was immensely influential in Catholic Europe, placed a great emphasis on reason and argumentation, and was one of the first to use the new translation of Aristotles metaphysical and epistemological writing. His work was a significant departure from the Neoplatonic and Augustinian thinking that had dominated much of early Scholasticism.Renaissance The Renaissance (rebirth) was a period of transition between the Middle Ages and modern thought,36 in which the recovery of classical texts helped shift philosophical intimacys away from technical studies in logic, metaphysics, and theology towards eclectic inquiries into morality, philology, and mysticism. 3738 The study of the classics and the humane arts generally, such as history and literature, enjoyed a schol arly interest hitherto unknown in Christendom, a tendency referred to as humanism.3940 Displacing the medieval interest in metaphysics and logic, the humanists followed Petrarch in making man and his virtues the focus of philosophy. 4142 The study of classical philosophy also developed in two new ways. On the one hand, the study of Aristotle was changed through the influence of Averroism. The disagreements between these Averroist Aristotelians, and more orthodox catholic Aristotelians such as Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas eventually contributed to the development of a humanist Aristotelianism developed in the Renaissance, as exemplified in the thought of Pietro Pomponazzi and Giacomo Zabarella.Secondly, as an alternative to Aristotle, the study of Plato and the Neoplatonists became common. This was assisted by the rediscovery of works which had not been well known previously in Western Europe. Notable Renaissance Platonists include Nicholas of Cusa, and later Marsilio Ficino a nd Giovanni Pico della Mirandola. 42 The Renaissance also renewed interest in anti-.