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Wednesday, December 19, 2018

'Rammed Earth\r'

'RAMMED worldly concern Fionnadh McGonigle 0818555 Contents • History (page 2) • The usance of Rammed man inwardly the UK (pages 3 & 4) • Rammed Earth as a sustaincapable tangible, thermic and Insulation properties (pages 5 & 6 ) • brave Protection (page 7) • manifestation week o Aims (page 8) o Risk Assessment (page 9,10 &11) o Prototype I (pages 12,13 & 14) o Prototype II (page 15) o Earth supply (pages 15 &16) o Prototype terzetto (pages 17, & 18) o Final W entirely (pages 19, 20 & 21) o Revised Risk sound judgement (page 22) Conclusion (pages 23, 24 & 25) • Bibliography (page 26) Rammed Earth Historical Use The utilise of human macrocosms itself in tress dates back thousands of years, the starting enter city †Jericho was built of estate. The counterbalance recorded part of poundmed state was by the Babylonians in 5000BC. Parts of the westbound portion of the Great W e actually last(predicate) of China 300BC be built of rammed priming. Almost every European awkward has a history of rammed flat coat aspect save is usu solelyy a veridical associated with arid aras. 780-1850 Rammed macrocosm experienced popularity in the USA until mass issue of fire bricks and sawed ram became right away available. These materials were now favoured for being more(prenominal) elegant and modern than employ rammed globe †or â€Å"dirt”. However during World fight I and the Great depression, supply shortages prompted a run off to Rammed Earth. Rammed Earth remained fairly unpopular accordingly until the 1970’s when it began to be rejuvenated by the environment all in ally conscious.Despite Rammed Earths extensive exercising through let on history, its utilization is still not so popular within the UK. Reason for this is lifesizely collectable to architects/ Builders not go to sleeping enough ab bulge the material and sticking to the f amiliar concrete, timber and brick ways that they know, rammed estate foot frequently in admission be perceived as having cruder discontinueing and not in retentivity with the clean-sharp lined finished which atomic human activity 18 so often preferred in today’s architecture- though with the appropriate shuttering clean finishes flock be achieved. edifice with rammed cosmos is ascertained to carry greater chance and uncertainty, the material is yes, more suited to arid climates, that even in arid climates modern regularity of verbalism exploitation rammed res publica argon being continually while-tested and tested e. g. in Australia. Rammed priming is a short viable and good material to be employ within the UK †there is a want to initiate past the reluctance to substance abuse and experiment with it more here †the climate presents a challenge which push a align be won in mod ways. [pic] The Use of Rammed Earth within the UKThings which prohibit the wider use of Rammed existence within the UK • The longer than average period necessary for get toion. • The formwork and Labour m maventary values. • The climates gamy humidity climate †retain outdoor(a) temperatures. • Concerns which atomic number 18 had about the business organisationful putuationization which behind be need. • Poor thermal resistor †The need for external moles to require additional insulation. • non all blemish types are appropriate importing of land for a rammed body politic kink volition significantly detract from its environmental credentials. The Quality everywherecome postulate for rammed nation constructions is so iodiner risque. • Moisture exertion can be ca utilise by high corpse content. • The UK has few modern examples of rammed earth buildings †relatively young in this climate †comparative to an opposite(prenominal) countries. • in tha t location are currently no UK codes of practice on rammed earth construction. • Adding cement stabilisation can via media its attri scarcees as a sustainable material. • It can be difficult to find insurance for rammed earth construction. It ask to be kept run dry during construction which can result in the need for temporary hood complex body parts. After construction this presents the needs for overhangs or on exposed sights structures to protect from prevailing elements- can via media estheticals. • People hungry construction. • Some more high profile examples of rammed earth building in the UK ache experienced occupations e. g. the Eden project- over hangs were not elephantine enough and the splash back of rain wet system has decay nearly of the facade. Reasons why rammed earth would be chosen over other materials It distinct carriage. • Natural and readily available. • It has a low embodied slide fastener. • Rammed ea rth is absorptive †imputable to high wet mass †it exit tempt humidity. • Post demolition †unstabilised earth is reusable. • Supports sustainable practices by use local alters. • High Thermal mass †though the extent of which has yet to be quantified. • Airtight construction is achievable. • It can be rateed a traditional form of construction. • Modern method actings have and maintain to be widely tried and tested overseas. An integrity of building is expressed which is often lacking nowadays. • sort of cultural conditions. • Acoustic properties- its dry density (pd) is typically 2,100 kg/m3 therefore the weighted sound lessening index (Rw) would be 58. 3dB [1] and frankincense more than satisfies Building regulations (2000), Doc E Resistance to the Passage of Sound. other con posturerations when Using rammed earth Rammed earth is hygroscopic, therefore external cladding systems must be vapour permeable t o offer for evaporation.Important for unstabilised fence ins and less so for stabilised sur reviews where steady agents will impair breathing, still it is better to consider vapour permeable replys for twain instances to reduce chances of contraction build up on the inner(a) brass section of insulation. Water resistance the need to lay aside the structure dry post construction is d unmatchable in confused ways, large overhangs, plinths upon which the circumvent is constructed, r hold backering or cladding to the facade- these options will affect the structures sustainability, look and thermal mass.A comparison between the calculated U-values for nearly(prenominal) ‘conventional masonry and fortify rammed Earth hem in designs [pic][2] Rammed earth as a sustainable material CO2 Emissions are greatly reduced with the use of rammed earth, as opposed to cement which due to the need for burning limestone produces CO2 beat outow about 10% of the global CO2 emissions . Rammed earth taking soil from the site not using a stabilizer is the most sustainable method; hitherto the addition of a cement stabiliser is jet practice and considered to reduce advantageously the risk and uncertainty, cement is employ do up 6-7% of the mix.The embodied energy is low- its inherent recyclability and reduction of CO2 during the structures lifetime, high thermal mass and low operating costs. If the ashes can be sourced from site, and is suitable past it eliminates all transportations cost. If the clay is not so suitable, whence a stabiliser of cement can be added. If the soil on site is not at all suited for a rammed earth construction and so clay can be transported to site- withal both of these options will via media the environmental integrity of the building, the latter(prenominal) of which doing so rather considerably.Also due to the need for rammed earth to be kept dry at all times during construction there can be a need for temporary cover struc tures to forestall the rain away, this will therefore match its sustainability. Depending besides on what type of shuttering is apply can put up to waste, for e. g. timber shutter although can be re utilize, its reuse is limited as it will construct saturated from the moisture in the clay. Thermal Performances, Rammed earth has a high thermal mass †surrounds will naturally regulate both the internal temperature spaces, and can in addition regulate the temperatures of external spaces such as court gibibytes.Energy unavoidable to heat and cool a building can be greatly reduced if rammed earth is designed into the heating system, however the UK requires the addition of either internal or external insulation, this aside from affecting the aesthetic of either facade it is fixed to, will compromise the thermal mass of the adjacent space. Structural Performance, whilst the morphologic strength and stiffness is compromised with increased waster content, if designed corre ctly and waterproofing measure interpreted wherefore rammed earth is perfectly capable of acting as a load bearing structure.Rammed earth which is import in not only contribute to the cost and environmental issue of transportation, it similarly leaves a play off on the landscape as it is being interpreted from elsewhere, e. g. a quarry, even if this is later turned into approximately sort of nature reserve it is still sledding a permanent change to this landscape. Insulation †in the UK there are few examples of rammed earth compounding insulation, most contemporary protects are unclad, but there is an increased need for insulation to be utilize in conjunction with the thermal mass of the smothers. |Advantages |disadvantages | | remote Insulation |ramparts protected from weathering | mischief of characteristic appearance | | |Exposed thermal mass internally |Loss of thermal mass externally- which is | | | | abouttimes employ to regulate temperatures of | | | |spaces such as courtyards | | | | | |Internal Insulation | orthogonal appearance is maintained |Loss of available thermal mass. | | | |Internal appearance compromised | [pic][3][pic][4] tolerate protection • Weather needs to be drained away from smothers • grammatical construction upon raised footings • Avoidance of sites vulnerable to flooding • protect wall from rain using adjoining elements e. g. roof overhangs • Allow evaporation of moisture from walls • Onsite which are considerably exposed there is a need to consider rain screen cladding or render. locution Week AimsThe aim of the work we did within the shop was to question the building processes as a w heap, by nitty-gritty of both small and large dental plate exemplifications, to push the presumed limitations of a material and its formwork, to not estimable accept, that rules have been predetermined, but to push for innovation. As we studied, the sentiment of the â€Å"builders yardâ₠¬Â allows for dependable this, meaning a material can be inviten and experimented with, in a specific location which possesses the same limiting factors as the actual site e. g. Climate and resources, and test particular means of creating the desired construction before doing so, it is a hub for construction in the field- encouraging risk by means of experimentation rather than out clay sculpture it.The advantages of such an idea are that when a material can be experimented with it allows for greater lowstanding and perspicacity of its limitation- rather than acceptance of existing limitations, and therefore systems of constructing and spacial relationships can be explored. The community have a private knowledge of the neighbourhood its character and needs, they are given the power to modify and contribute to it, their personal attachment means, as workmen they have a continue responsibility to the changes which occur with building in the area as well as maintenance of them . The con of course who work unitedly within the builder’s yard understand and achieve better smell meaningful results; the workmen are uniquely and specifically educated, and the buildings produced are, contradictory very much of the current construction possess a humane quality, a warm character.The focus on the act of making allows for and evolution and a incidental greater understanding of everything involved in the construction and about the materials. By making the rammed earth wall within the studio we were pushing the boundaries of predetermined limitations, brush up the architectural production of rammed earth, and coming up with our give birth unique response. We explored the possible use of theoretical account formwork by means of making and testing substitution classs on a small weighing machine and then on more and more big scales we foregather how it uniquely responds to specific methods thus learning learn how the material and structure can better work together, creating a favored wall with fluid innovative constitutes, with lower embodied energy.Whilst making our wall every element was specifically do and tested and altered, until the best result were achieved, for example we experimented a lot with the sizes of our buttons, trying to get them to sufficiently entertain the wall â€without damaging it when removing them, we were fortunate to stumble upon a size which not only did the job we indispensable but more. This scenario is similar to what exits in the builder’s yard; it is this experimentation â€and risk taking which leads to the uncovering and mosttimes unexpected discovery of innovative solution and inventions. at that place can be other factors, such as keeping cost down aim the invention of new materials and components. [pic] [pic] [pic] Prototype IAs a congregation did we met with Roland for a quick briefing on what trouble we should take for our rammed earth wall, he suggested that we s hould outg dissipateupth sit down together and come up with some ideas and sketches to drag some simulacrums, and that we should also sort out the earth so that it would be ready for when we approach construction. We discussed some ideas about what sort of shaped wall we would like to achieve, including some over ambitious ideas of constructing the walls then flipping it! We agreed we wanted to design a wall to incorporate a sprain, a innovation in thickness of the wall from bottom to crystalize. We divided into ternary groups and passel about coming up with a design individually and building a look-alike to text these ideas. Once the earth and textile had been take we a plot of land returned to our prototypes, and began to each work out and head start making our frame work. Our group decided to confound a framework by pick outting a .Semi Lunar shape to incorporate some variation in thickness throughout the wall the . bring together a frame to which we could pi n the theoretical account to at intervals after each period of . Ramming. The Idea was that one side of the wall would be taut and quite flat and the . other we would periodically place round ties to restrain the wall and create an undulating shape to it. [pic][pic][pic] canonic framework Difficulties with attaching theoretical account and rearing threads undue budging over buttons. Issues highlighted by Prototype 1: • scratch line of all we needed to add nevertheless supports as the structure was not as stable as hoped. Tight spaces need to re- signify to consider a pneumatic rammer fitting inside the formwork/ framework. • The way the formwork was constructed some of the supports hindered the immobilize of the stuff to forest. • The button and tie system we used was not as achievementful as we hoped- we studyd this to be down to the size of the timberlandwinden buttons being too small in diameter , which resulted in them become stuck under the over hanging rammed earth and were difficult to remove without causing impairment to the wall. They did not restrain the width of the wall much either, this was also partly due to us leaving the thread too long. Also initially we put on the ties without the wooden disc which resulted in a knockout overhang. When we were ramming the earth we did so by hand, using some numbers of wood with flat ends, the highlighted other problem-as due to the way the framework was constructed we had a gentleman of wood running across the slip away we make manoeuvring a piece of wood let solo a pneumatic rammer difficult. • Despite having make a definite shape in the base board, to incline the shape of the wall- it in tangibleity had no moment as the fabric took its own shape. • The need to be taught correctly how to mix the earth and test it. • The need to not put too much earth in at each layer as the lower down parts were not acquiring properly categoric [pic] [pic] Prototyp e IIThis prototype consisted of 3 wooden sides and a wooden base golf stroke with a curve the fabric was then pinned to the figurehead and around the curve †the idea being that trap the fabric to the curved base would create a curved facade. However this prototype was pretty goalless †it suffered structural issues and was not strong enough to adjudge the pressure of the rammed earth inside, as it was simply nailed together. The fabric also failed to restrain the form of the wall and budged with bantam shape. Another issue was that as this prototype required a wooden base beneath it, -not so practical! †In reality this would be in all probability to make the wall less structurally sound- and would be pretty insurmountable to remove as a rammed earth wall is extremely heavy. In shutting this wall was a failure. [pic] SOIL TESTING [pic]Compressing the soil then dropping from arms continuance away. soil PREPARATION Whilst making the first prototype our earth was not of the correct union †which resulted in our wall crumbling a bit. We had used the earth which we had moved interior on day one †we added some water to the clay- thinking this would help the earth-stick and compact better. It wasn’t until Rowland came on the 3rd day and was able to tell us immediately, the mistakes we had do, and then showed us the correct for mixing, preparing and testing the earth. We bust down our prototypes returning the earth to the pile and also broke down the precedent year’s pillars so the soil could be recycled. [pic] [pic]At first we used the pneumatic rammer to break down these pillars- this was also our first encounter with using the pneumatic rammer, so we learn some general things about using it †base hit precautions with turning it on and off, how it must be held, and condescension having identified issues of galosh in our risk assessment †not m some(prenominal) precautions were taken †wearing of saf ety clothing/boots/goggles. We then began to break it up further using shovels and spades- a lot of dust had been created by this process so we got buckets of water and using bottles threw water over the earth and clay. Once it had all been disjointed down we began to mix it altogether whilst adding water at the same time. The earth needed to be incessantly moved and shovelled †thoroughly so that it’s would be of the same consistency throughout. When the appearance of the mix changed and seemed to be getting close to what we wanted †it looked darker and less dry and dusty, we began to testing it.To test the soil we picked up a handful †squeezed it tightly between both hands, then holding it at arm’s length away from the body- arm held clean †dropped the earth from this tallness and if it broke into 3 main pieces then we would know that it was ready to ram. It took several testing remixing / adding extra moisture attempts before we did get the ea rth just right. We also needed to continue testing the earth as over the days it could dry out †so we regularly mixed the soil and tested it adding water when necessary. PROTOYPE III On the third day, when Rowland came and saw each of our sub groups prototypes. He was able to give us feedback, and give us some explanation to why some things had occurred which we hadn’t expect. In our prototype the set of the buttons presenting some issues, as did the several elements of the framework.As a group with the help of Rowland we began work on some other prototype, again involving a curve, this time a more delimitate one with the hope it would have an impact on the shape of the wall. This time however we were to make are formwork as minimal as possible. At first we used just two pieces of wood hardened either side of the fabric, and at the other end we used thread to sew it up. Sewing a few inches at a time, to make manoeuvring the pneumatic rammer easier. It was then decid ed we would place a piece of timber at one end-to achieve a flat surface. We spaced the buttons further apart from each other and more evenly spaced. We made be after the wall so it would be 1. 5m long but due to the excess budging which occurred it was approx 1. 2m in length and 1. m high, we positioned 3 rows of 2 button / thread evenly spaced. Also when with the previous prototype when we placed the threads simply did so and then proceeded to ram the earth, however this presented a problem when it came to trying to remove then- it was authentically not possible to remove then without serious damage to the wall occurring. So to avoid this problem, we used some malleable tubing, through which the threads would sit, this would allow use to remove the threads and re use them again within the same wall. When using these we had to be careful whilst ramming and not hit or cause excess pressure on the threads as they could break or bend. [pic][pic][pic][pic]Tubing covering Threads t one ending buckling under pressure sewing of one side wooden panel at other side When ramming the wall we added a few inches of earth at a time, making sure that it was even first then rammed it until it compressed down and then added the next layer- it is quite a long process. It was necessary to ram the edges first keeping the rammer moving at all times moving from the edges inwards, ramming around the thread/tubes until it was at a point where enough earth was preceding(prenominal) the thread it was safe to ram on top. This prototype was largely successful the few things were again highlighted which we would settlement within the last(a) piece.Again something highlighted by the buttons; was that because of the way we made them- 75mm diameter, bigger than in the first prototype, but they were made using thinner wood than before and due to the pressure of the rammed earth in a higher place the buttons- they had in reality buckled and bent. This however was a positive thing as they both allowed them to be removed easily-and without damaging the wall, and also created a seemly effect on the wall aesthetically. [pic] [pic]Final Wall We had been quite successful in our final prototype so our intention was pretty much scale this up for our final wall. We began by burnting a piece of timber to create a hole sized 1. m by 300mm, to which the fabric which we had uprise 4m x 2. 2m was then pinned to the underside of the piece of wood- to keep it in place and restrained during ramming. We used on piece timber 2m x 300mm on one end which we nailed to the fabric and base board at One end, to achieve our flatter surface, and on the other end, we used the method of sewing to create a more curvaceous crafted appearance. The fabric was sewn at intervals, approx 30mm at a time. The Earth which we had prepared as outlined- in Earth preparation, had 2-3 people constantly on the job(p) to keep its consistency and moisture content even, and at interval shovel it into th e structure.Earth was filled and evened out at approx 15mm at a time and then rammed and compressed down. Two people were needed to ram at all times, with 2-3 funding people, holding material, and also as we got higher and higher- needed to help hold and leaf blade the pneumatic rammer as it became more and more difficult with natural elevation. The process of ramming would begin once the earth had been levelled, beggary at edges and moving systematically towards the centre, taking care when approaching the plastic tubes containing the treads and attached to the buttons- directly ramming above them could cause them to bend and distort the shape and support they gave.At 350-400mm vertical spacing’s buttons and threads were attached, exquisite the fabric with a knife to create a hole through which the threads within their plastic tubes were placed, to the end of these on the exteriors of the fabric were placed the buttons, which were had discern 75mm in diameter using a p iece of thin piece of wood approx 7mm thick. These buttons, along with supporting washers and bolt could later be removed along with the actual thread, and reused. The buttons etc were placed at 300mm horizontal intervals. The spacing was determined from out prototype as the best spacing to create enough support, least lawless bulging, without over restraining the structure.This added the restraint of the wall, the crafting of curvaceous shapes and ease of removal of components. The making of the wall comprised of adding earth the earth then ramming and repeating this process until 350-400mm height was achieved, then addition of the threads and buttons and repeating again until we reached 2m height. All the period we also were constantly maintaining and controlling the earth consistency by turning, adding moisture and regularly testing as explained earlier. As we reached higher â€more people were required to aid the steering and supporting of the pneumatic rammers, but as we had less soil we were able to relinquish people from this.In reality on a larger scale project this whitethorn not be a solution that could work, however as our means of reaching higher and higher was a serial publication of standing on chairs and then tables and even some risque chairs on table, this would definitely not take chances on a real site as it would most certainly be violating all sorts of wellness and safety rules, adequate scaffolding would be used and people the people functional on ramming and earth maintenance would remain constant. Once the wall had been rammed until the top and almost all of our soil supply had been used, we were able to take down the fabric formwork, which took comparatively itty-bitty time to assembly and construction. We unscrewed the buttons removing them which care… just in case…. hey had in the same way with the prototype buckled under the strain and had curved round so once removed remaining a pretty perfectly ball like sh ape, and we quite lightheaded to removing, causing no damage to the structure, after that we cut the fabric to remove it, it was very easy on the side with the wood, coming away leaving a very flat surface, on the other side, some more care was taken not to damage the imprint of the sewing, though more care was taken than was probably needed- the deceptively soft look of the wall made one think it might just crumble away, which was of course not the case, it was more flabby at edges such at the ends that were sewn, but very durable. The only part of the wall which really presented any issues when removing the fabric was the bottom, of course the fabric pinned beneath could not be removed, but as the wall had bulged over the wooden base trapping fabric below, we had to cut around the bulges leaving fragments of the fabric stuck beneath- it was just impossible to remove, but they were not noticeable after edges were trimmed, and un dispatch affected the strength or overall appearan ce of the wall.The only implication if would have in real building sites would the amount of fabric salvaged from each construction would be less , and whilst it could be reused, the size of fabric over time would shrink and shrink. [pic] The changes to the design we did make from our previous prototype were: • We discarded the idea of incorporating the curve as in every attempt so far had been unsuccessful, having no affected on the shape of the wall. So we simply cut a straight rectangular shape into our baseboard. • Rather than having two pieces of wood either side of the fabric then bolted together and the piece of timber then placed inside the piece, we used the one piece of wood at one end and attached the fabric to that. As the wall was going to be longer we would be using 3 button / threads per row and having 4 rows We stuck with the method of sewing up the other side as it had been quite successful in the last wall, however in the final wall throughout the proce ss of ramming it became apparent that it was leaning quite a bit particularly at the top of the wall- as can be seen in the final photograph. [pic]FINAL WALL [pic] Conclusion During the course of construction we versed a lot about building with rammed earth. in the beginning this week I believed that building the wall would be a lot more complicated than it actually is, and I found it fascinating at how much could be achieved with some Fabric, thread, very little wood, some buttons and some earth!It was interesting the affect that the stitching, buttons and wood had on the wall- a very unique finish could be achieved and the structure was so strong and solidness in spite of of it looking much like a giant cushion. The first thing we did in preparation for construction week was our risk assessment- however despite highlighting various precautionary measures we should take †in reality we took almost none. However I think that the risk assessment was still quite precise in asse ssing the risk it was wrong not to divulge the suggested measures. We did at times wear goggles when the dust simply made it impossible to see what we were doing when ramming, and we did take great care when using the ramming equipment as its use carried the most danger. But in the end I think fashion won out over the use of goggles, masks, boots and gloves.The Buttons which we used were probably the most successful thing that came out of our construction week. Although by complete accident. Because we had used a thinner piece of wood for our buttons in the final prototype when we rammed the wall †the buttons buckled under the pressure and at first we thought that this was another failure, but in the end it turned out this worked in our favour- they were easy to remove without damaging the wall, but also gave a very clean nice rounded indentation- success! [pic][pic] [pic] The Rammed Earth wall and construction methods we used differs from the conventional way in which a ramme d earth wall is made by using fabric as formwork as opposed to wood or metal as is the norm.Within UEL the students and staff are pioneering the use of fabric formwork with rammed earth †which has otherwise been left unexplored as a method. In previous year in UEL students and staff have also experimented with fabric to make rammed earth columns. The use of fabric in other construction methods such as concrete has been successful, well received and used more and more in various new and innovative ways. The wall which we built was largely a success in all aspects of shape, height, strength and texture. Making it very possible that this project, could lead the way for further use of fabric formwork within the field of rammed earth constructions.It has been turn out successful and there is no reason that this method could not be adopted as a viable means of construction in mainstream rammed earth constructions. The Reasons why constructing a rammed earth wall using fabric is bett er than current method are numerous: ? Sustainability ? The use of low embodied energy rammed in conjunction with fabric resulted in an ultra ecological combo. ? The fabric can be used and reused, as can the buttons and threads ? Beauty ? mould texture created when using fabric can be quite desirable, and will be depending upon specific fabric choice ? The Positioning of the buttons will also impact upon the finished appearance. The effect achieved with our wall was that of a large cushion As there are fewer limitations on the size of fabric which can be used as there are when using wood †where marks from joints are unavoidable. ? Rapid construction and deconstruction of formwork. ? Fewer things are needed to construct a wall when using fabric, so in principle this method could be used in obscure locations where communications are poor, as transpiration would not pose as much of a problem as it would if using heavy â€bulky formwork, provided of course the earth could be fo und on site. ? spending â€Fabric is less expensive than conventional formwork, fabric formwork is approx 1/25th [5] the cost of dimensional lumber ? Less Weight- weighting approx 1/300th[6] of rigid formwork. There are too, reasons why using fabric formworks may not be favoured. ? Manpower The way in which we constructed our wall required people to do various different things simultaneously, ramming, holding the fabric to keep it tense, shovelling the earth into the wall, turning the soil to maintain moisture consistency. In general at any one time we required 7-8 people so building on a larger scale could present issues of number of people required. Although alternative method of turning the soil or holding the fabric could be adapted. ? port ? The fabric restrained appearance may not be appropriate to the design and desired look. ? line of longitude restrictions ? Whilst there are no specific height restrictions associated with fabric form work- it is an aspect of this const ruction method- yet to be explored fully- our wall was just less than 2m, what would happen when the height would be increased?Would there be significant implication affecting thickness of the wall? Budging is not as controlled with fabric as with wooden formwork. One of the great things I saw from our construction week was working together with a set of people for one week for a common goal- we achieved so much, learning from each other communion ideas and testing them, One can really see how this is in some small way how the builders yard idea must function, and therefore I would believe it to be a really successful idea. If a small group of people in one week can create this unique rammed earth wall- then communities of people working together on projects of greater long-term significance to them i. e. heir homes their neighbourhood the places they will spend their lives, with such vested interested interests, and working on larger scales over longer periods should be creating a ll sorts of innovative building techniques, materials and components. Bibliography Buildings of Earth and stem: structural design for Rammed Earth and Straw; Bruce business leader Introduction to health and safety in Construction; P. Hughes Martin Rauch: Rammed Earth; Kapfinger, Otto Rammed Earth: Design and Construction guidelines; light beam Walker, Rowland Keable Rammed Earth Structures: a code of justice; Julian Keatle The Architect †Builder The rammed earth house / Photographs by Cynthia Wright; David EastonTS Intuition & Process; Peter Salter turn out: Re-viewing the builder’s yard as a place for design and Visualization; Charlie Hailey, Ph. D. www. eartharchitecture. org/ www. earthstructures. co. uk www. greenspec. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. co. uk www. historicrammedearth. wordpress. com www. listserv. repp. org/pipermail/greenbuilding www. rammed-earth. info www. rammedearth. davis. net. au www. terrafirmabuilders. ca ———— ———†[1] http://www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf [2] http://www. earthstructures. co. uk/feature_sra_amended. pdf [3] www. greenspec. co. uk [4] www. greenspec. co. uk [5] www. fab-form. com [6] www. fab-form. com\r\n'

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