Wizard of Oz- How Is Dorothy a Feminist Hero?

In what ways can Dorothy be described as a feminist hero? In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, L. Frank Baum has made sure there is a feminist hero in his book. This is because everyone should see an example of a good feminist hero, especially around the time when this book was written; in 1900, it was very rare to read a book with any sort of feminism in it. Dorothy throughout the book, shows many heroic acts supporting the idea that she is a feminist hero. When L. Frank Baum is talking about Dorothy in the book, she is always leading the rest of the characters. During the book whenever the characters come across danger Dorothy is usually the one to stand up for them and not just thinking of herself. Dorothy is always helping the characters out instead of waiting for one of the male characters to help them instead. When L. Frank Baum is describing Dorothy and her friends, Dorothy is always described as independent and competent, the reasons why is because she leads and suggests the way to everyone so she doesn’t have to always rely on everyone else. We are told how Dorothy discovers the tin wood man (p. 34), how Dorothy tells everyone that â€Å"we must cross this strange place in order to get to the other side† she says this without worrying and she is taking charge (p. 167) and how Dorothy builds everyone a warm fire (p. 50). In the book leadership plays a strong part of Dorothy’s characteristics as she is not always relying on others for direction. Throughout the story, we are lead to see that Dorothy is a strong, competent and independent character. These are important qualities for any feminist to have, because if they weren’t strong or they were dependant on others, they wouldn’t be able to achieve anything in their lives and they wouldn’t be able to lead others. Dorothy always tries to help out even in dangerous situations, proving that she is not cowardly. There is evidence of this when Dorothy slaps the lion on the nose, after fearing for Toto’s safety (p. 3), she also speaks to the lion and sternly says ‘Don’t you dare bite Toto! You ought to be ashamed of yourself†¦ † (p. 43). Dorothy helps her friends to push the raft ashore, this put her life in danger but she still helped them (p. 60). These examples start to create an image of a character that is very brave and not in any way a cowardly or frightened person. By using these examples in the book, L. Frank Baum has created a brave and heroic main character for the story. This an be just of the features of a feminist her o because; if Dorothy is brave it means that she is not afraid to stand up for herself as well as her friends, meaning that Dorothy is mentally strong. Baum has described Dorothy as very kind to everyone and that she likes to help others, instead of waiting for one of the male characters to come and help instead. We can see examples of this when Dorothy asks the tin woodman â€Å"what can I do for you? †, he is a complete stranger but this doesn’t bother her as she can see that he needs help (p. 5), when Dorothy helps free the scarecrow from the pole that he is stuck to and later befriending him (p. 22), when they are trying to cross the hill the lion and the tin woodman get knocked to the ground, ‘Dorothy ran down and helped the scarecrow to his feet. ’ (p. 208). These acts of kindness show that Dorothy is a very kind, caring and helpful girl and is always willing to help someone in need, no matter what. It doesn’t worry her that she is female and traditionally the male characters take charge and rescue everyone. This is important because, if she didn’t help out and stood back for the male characters to help out then she wouldn’t be thought of as, a feminist because all the male characters would be in charge and in power not her, and if she wasn’t kind to others then no one would want to know her and she would have no one to help, stand up for or be a hero to. L. Frank Baum has made Dorothy an easy character to get along with so that people will want to get to know her and they will have a hero to look up to. Dorothy being helpful and kind is very important for her and is the main reason why everybody likes to be in her company. In conclusion we can see that L. Frank Baum, throughout the story tells us of many heroic acts that Dorothy has achieved, proving that she is a feminist hero. During the book, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy is always leading the rest of the characters, whenever the characters come across danger Dorothy always stands up for the others and Dorothy is always helping others instead of waiting for one of the male characters to help. Baum uses these examples to create a feminist hero for the story, instead of having the usual dominant male character.

Iron Crowned Chapter 25

â€Å"Ow.† I squeezed my eyes shut as another wave of nausea rolled through me. Control, control. A few deep breaths later, I opened my eyes and met Dorian's gaze. â€Å"Unexpected,† he said in that dry way of his. â€Å"And unwelcome.† I sat at the base of his throne in the banquet hall, which was packed. It must have been mealtime, but no one was paying attention to the food. They were all on their feet, staring at the evening entertainment that had literally dropped into their midst. I peered around, wondering how I'd been drawn to this spot and then found it – the Slinky I'd left here as my anchor. It had once had its own little room, but now sat on a table beside Dorian's throne, one he kept small treasures and knickknacks on to amuse him when holding court. Odd placement. There was no time to ponder that, though. I turned to Jasmine who looked as disoriented and sick as I felt but didn't seem to have suffered any permanent damage. Her body and soul were intact, which was what counted. I looked back at Dorian and tried to stand up, but my legs gave way beneath me. I started to fall and clutched his robe instinctively. Jasmine, with surprising speed, moved in to catch my arm and steady me. â€Å"Hospitality,† I gasped out. â€Å"Please.† Dorian's unwelcome comment had been a reminder that I currently didn't have hospitality and that I was technically trespassing and fully vulnerable to attack within his walls. Yet, the fact that I hadn't already been removed was a good sign, and though his expression more or less remained unchanged, there was a spark of curiosity in his eyes. He couldn't ignore me on my knees, begging him for protection. Not yet. No matter how angry he was at me, this kind of novelty was too irresistible for his nature. He started to speak, undoubtedly ready with some witty quip, but was interrupted when Jasmine clutched at him and added her pleas to mine. â€Å"Please. Give us your protection. Hurry!† Dorian frowned, no longer able to hide his curiosity and surprise. â€Å"The daughters of Storm King, begging me for help after one made it quite clear she didn't ever want to see me again. Do tell me why I shouldn't have you thrown out or imprisoned.† He paused thoughtfully. â€Å"Or ransomed back to your own people. Quite a profit there, I imagine.† â€Å"Dorian – † I began. Suddenly, there was a commotion at the hall's entrance. A cluster of Dorian's guards appeared – with Kiyo between them. I wasn't surprised he'd showed up so quickly. My mark would have led him right to me, and while he couldn't jump directly into Dorian's castle, he'd probably crossed over right in front of the gates. â€Å"Sire,† said one of the guards. â€Å"He seeks entrance – â€Å" Kiyo wore that fierce, raging expression, and no one in that room could have any doubt that he was there ready for battle. Dorian's guards certainly had picked up on it, and they closed ranks as he strode forward. I had a feeling Kiyo wanted to fight right through them, but reason and self-control held him at bay – for now. Meanwhile, at the sight of him, I managed to make my legs work again and scrambled to my feet. Jasmine grasped my hand, helping me rise, and as one, we backed up slightly so that we stood in line with Dorian. The world reeled a little, but I refused to show my weakness. I would not faint. â€Å"Get rid of him,† I said, trying not to sound hysterical. â€Å"Deny him hospitality and throw him out.† â€Å"She's an outcast here,† growled Kiyo, fists clenched. â€Å"And this has nothing to do with you. Send her away.† Tension and silence filled the space between all of us, and all eyes swiveled to Dorian. Neither Kiyo nor I – nor Jasmine, for that matter – had hospitality and protection within Dorian's household at the moment. We had no guarantees of safety. Hell, if Kiyo decided to attack me right now, no one had to intervene. We would be a great dinner show. I wondered how good a defense Jasmine and I could put up, if it would be enough to give us a chance to escape to my own land if Dorian wouldn't help us. I could guess Dorian's thoughts – or rather, his confusion. That Kiyo would be on the verge of killing me made no sense. Asking why would go against Dorian's natural, all-knowing fa;ade. Plus, Kiyo and I weren't his favorite people right now. Giving in to either of us meant a concession Dorian didn't want to make. â€Å"Hail to you!† An unexpected, raspy voice made me jump, and even Dorian flinched a little. From the crowd, Masthera had emerged, her white hair streaming behind her and eyes as wide as ever. She came forward with purpose and – to my total astonishment – fell onto her knees before me. She stared up at me, and I expected that usual scattered and crazy look. Instead, I saw awe and rapture. Worship, even. â€Å"Hail to you, Queen of Rowan and Thorn. Hail to you, bringer of life, bringer of life. I see it – I see the life growing within you, the mother who will fulfill the prophecy!† She reached a skeletal hand toward my stomach, and I jerked away from her grasp. â€Å"Don't touch me!† I exclaimed. â€Å"I see it,† she cried. â€Å"You shine, Queen of Rowan and Thorn. You carry the heir. You shine with it.† â€Å"Dorian!† exclaimed Kiyo, drawing our attention back. His expression had grown dark at Masthera's words. Full disclosure was the last thing he wanted. â€Å"Give her to me! Stay out of this!† I again looked pleadingly at Dorian. â€Å"He's going to try to kill me,† I said. â€Å"If you throw me out, he and Maiwenn will come after me. Please give us your hospitality.† Dorian – like most everyone in the hall – had been left dumbstruck by Masthera's proclamation. Dorian forcibly schooled his face back to neutrality, but the gaze he turned on me was so heavy and penetrating that I was nearly knocked to my knees again. â€Å"Is it true?† he asked in a low voice that probably only Jasmine heard. â€Å"Are you pregnant?† There was no point in lying or pretending. I gave a swift nod. His next question nearly broke my heart. He tried so hard to keep his voice level and strong, but I heard the break in it, the longing and desperation. â€Å"Is it – is there any chance – is it – â€Å" He couldn't finish but didn't need to. He wanted to know if he was the father. A million thoughts raced through my head. Would things have been different if we'd actually had intercourse the last time we were together? Would I have gotten pregnant with his child, instead of Kiyo's? Maybe. Maybe not. Sex didn't always lead to pregnancy, especially with the gentry. I could still have ended up with Kiyo's babies or been left with a talk show?Cworthy paternity dispute. If Dorian had been the one to get me pregnant, my future would have been signed and sealed. He would have moved heaven and earth to keep me safe. As it was, I probably could have lied now. The gentry had no paternity tests. That would have simplified things – but I couldn't do it. â€Å"No,† I said softly. Dorian's features stilled, and a surprising wave of regret and sorrow filled me in response to the cavalcade of emotions that had to be going through him as well. He had no reason to help me, not after what he saw as my betrayal. And certainly not with me carrying another man's children. â€Å"Please,† said Jasmine. Her blue-gray eyes were large and desperate. I'd never seen her so humble and meek. And I'd certainly never expected to see it on my behalf. â€Å"Please help us. Please give us your hospitality. Your Majesty.† My eyes were still locked with Dorian's, my heart still breaking over the hurt I'd caused him. Off to the side, I heard Kiyo warn Dorian again, â€Å"This is between Eugenie and me. Give her to me, and this ends. If you don't, Maiwenn and God knows who else will get involved.† â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said to Dorian, my voice barely audible. â€Å"I'm so sorry.† â€Å"Please,† Jasmine repeated, nearly on the verge of tears now. â€Å"Hospitality.† The whole world hinged on Dorian. No one breathed. Then, abruptly, he turned away from me. â€Å"Granted,† he said crisply. â€Å"The daughters of Storm King are under my protection. Remove the kitsune, and do not allow him entrance again.† The guards were in motion almost before Dorian finished speaking. More had slipped into the room in the last minute or so, and it was a good thing too. Kiyo fought against all of them as they laid hands on him and began dragging him backward. They made little progress, so great were his struggles He was strong, so insanely strong, and it scared me to think what would have happened if I'd been left to him in my weakened state. â€Å"Dorian!† roared Kiyo, still fighting against the guards' grip. â€Å"Don't do this! You'll regret it!† Dorian had returned to his normal laconic persona. â€Å"You will address me as ‘King Dorian' or ‘Your Majesty,'† he replied. â€Å"And you will not disobey my orders within my home.† The floor trembled, and I heard a gasp from those gathered. Uneasily, I remembered an idle comment Dorian had once made, about how he could bring the castle down around us if he wanted to. The walls stayed intact, however, but a large section of the stone floor ripped up, eliciting more cries of fear. Before my eyes, the slab of stone morphed and stretched, then flew through the air toward Kiyo. It wrapped itself around his torso, enclosing his arms in a sort of magical strait-jacket. Kiyo, unsurprisingly, stopped struggling, but his shouts didn't cease. â€Å"Eugenie! You don't know what you're doing! This isn't over! Eugenie!† â€Å"Get him out,† said Dorian coldly. â€Å"Now. If he resists again or changes form, kill him.† The guards hurried to obey while Kiyo continued yelling his outrage at me, Dorian, and the world. I hoped they moved fast because Dorian had had a point. If Kiyo transformed into a fox, he'd slip out of his stone prison. Of course, he'd have to transform into a small fox, which would do little harm, but still. It would be a lot better for all of us once Kiyo was outside the walls. The guards must have succeeded because no more commotion followed. Jasmine turned to Dorian. â€Å"You should have killed him anyway,† she said flatly. Her standard response. The ghost of a smile flickered across Dorian's lips, though his eyes were still hard. â€Å"You're nearly as delightful as your sister,† he observed. â€Å"No matter how displeased I am at the two of you right now, I admit, things will certainly be entertaining with you around. And they will become very entertaining soon.† That was directed at me. â€Å"If you think you brought a war down before, you haven't seen anything yet, my dear. You've caused me quite a bit of trouble.† I barely heard him. The adrenaline was fast fading from my body, and all the pain from fighting with Kiyo and then doing the forced transition began returning. I felt sick, and my surroundings were spinning once again. â€Å"Sorry,† I managed to say to Dorian, just before collapsing.

Medical Nursing Essay

1. George Brown, 72 years of age, is a male patient who is admitted with the diagnosis of acute pulmonary edema secondary to acute left ventricular heart failure. The patient has a history of coronary artery disease that has been treated medically. The patient is anxious, pale, cold, clammy, and dyspneic. The vital signs are: blood pressure 88/50 mm Hg, heart rate 110 bpm, respiratory rate 32 breaths/min, and temperature 97 °F. There are bubbling crackles and wheezing throughout the lung fields and the patient is raising frothy blood-tinged clear sputum. The patient’s admission weight is 100 kg. a.What first actions should the nurse take and what are the rationales for these actions? The physician ordered furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg IVP STAT. b.What are the actions of furosemide that will help the patient? c.What nursing actions should be implemented when administering a diuretic? 2. Carl Edwards is a 75-year-old man with congestive heart failure. Having sustained three myocardial infarctions in the last 10 years, he has decreased left ventricular function. Mr. Edwards takes Digoxin, Capoten, Coreg, and Lasix for management of this disease. Today he presents to the emergency department with fatigue, generalized weakness, and feelings of â€Å"skipping† heartbeats. Upon arrival, he is placed on the cardiac monitor, his vital signs are assessed, and an IV is inserted. He currently denies chest pain, but is experiencing some shortness of breath, and is placed on 2 L of oxygen via nasal cannula. a.Which of his medications might be contributing to his symptoms of generalized weakness and heart irregularities? b.For what clinical manifestations should you assess to correlate to his left-sided heart failure? c.How do his medications treat his congestive heart failure? d.How does the hypokalemia affect the effects of Digitalis?

Economic impacts of gambling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economic impacts of gambling - Essay Example To address this issue, gambling agencies and brokers have moved outside of the United States in order to provide an online service, which does not have to respond to the particular legal issues of any one region of the country. With the help of these online gambling websites, the industry has become a major commercial industry, with nearly $335 billion dollars in annual revenue (Leaders). Clearly, there is an economic effect of gambling within the United States; however, the nature and value of this effect is worth consideration. According to Williams, Rehm and Stevens (2011), the research literature examining the effects of gambling on the economy is rich, with over 492 studies addressing the issue alone. Part of this large-scale interest in gambling by economists and other social scientists has to do with the policy decisions that come about constant debate about the worth of casinos and other gambling institutions. While most of these studies are not empirical and look only at the relationship between certain factors like problem gambling and gambling institution proximity, many of these studies do in fact examine the economic issues that arise when a gambling institution is established in a certain locale. ... Gambling tends to benefit government revenue because governments tend to tax casinos more due to the nature of their business and for the fact that profit margins of gambling institutions tend to be higher than any other industry (Leaders). Governments may also benefit from gambling in the sense that they are service provider, such as the case is with lotteries. The profit from these systems is often put into a program or service that receives public support. In Europe, gambling monopolies are held by the government and not private enterprise (Meyer-Arendt and Hartmann). Accordingly, there seems to be a consistency in the results of empirical studies finding that gambling institutions tend to increase the profits of the government at the same time it leads to profits for the industry. Because governments use these profits from gambling, they provide additional public services that would not have been affordable from taxes alone. Governments, as one of the primary beneficiaries, eithe r utilize the public services argument or earmark certain laws in order to maximize their own profit. Thus, gambling can have wide ranges of effects in terms of what the government believes is possible for their public services based on the profits extracted from the gambling industry (Anders). On the other side of the coin, governments may decide to lower taxes instead of providing these public services, which will affect businesses and residents within the jurisdiction of that government (Rankine and Haigh). Any policy related to taxes will eventually affect individual decision-making and incentives. Based on the share of the profits that governments collect from gambling, which can be quite substantial, this effect on taxes

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to Essay

Family structures are becoming more diverse. what evidence is there to support the trends - Essay Example rding to MacIver and Page a family is â€Å"a definite and long term group defined by sexual relationships that reproduce and bring up children†¦ formed by the living together of man, woman and their children.† (Dubey p. 123) So the structure of the nuclear family consisted of the husband wife and children. In other words family structure was based on 1)The relationship between husband and wife. 2) The procreation of children 3)Common residence. But if we examine the reality of today’s growing rates of divorce, single parent families as well as the trend towards gay or ‘same sex marriages’ then we can conclude that there is an increased trend towards blended families, binuclear families and single parent families. This has led the Sociologists William J. Goode to state that the institution of the family as we know it is vanishing altogether; while others state that the term nuclear family is inadequate in explaining the different contemporary household arrangements. Hence the new term ‘postmodern family’ is used to refer to the different forms of family structure including couples minus children as well as single-parent families and blended families. This diversity could be due to the following prevailing trends: Trend 1: There is a growing tendency amongst couples to live together rather than get married. The majorities of such couples have sexual relationships but do not choose to have offspring due to work and other pressures. Trend 2: There is a trend to divorce. This has resulted in children being granted living custody with either their father or mother. As a result the child moves between the homes of the two separated parents so the third element of a families structure, based on residence has also changed. Ogburn and Nimkoff’s give a more modern definition of a family by seeing the family â€Å"†¦as an association formed by the sex relations of husband and wife, with or without children.† Trend 3: There is a growing

Comparing Eulers Method with Numerical Methods Thesis

Comparing Eulers Method with Numerical Methods - Thesis Example Nonetheless, differentiation of equation expressing these systems and shapes was noted to be quite complex. Moreover, these equations are only capable of describing extremely large systems and shapes, so pure mathematical analysis on them is quite impossible. The complex nature of these systems led to the usefulness of numerical approximation and computer simulations. Therefore, this paper will analyze Euler’s method in differentiating these complex mathematical equations. Notably, the numerical approximation techniques that are applied in solving the differential equation were thought of and developed long before the existence of the programmable computers. During the Second World War, people (particularly women) used mechanical calculators (in their rooms) to solve differential equations for war purposes. However, the introduction and increase in programmable computers and computer applications have decreased the cost and increased the speed, thereby increasingly easing solv ing the difference equations of complex systems (Kuang and Cong, 2007). For example, laptops can easily compute a long term interjectory of over one million interacting molecules. For about five to ten years ago, this problem seemed inaccessible to even the then fastest analog supercomputers. This essay will introduce the fundamental principle of numerical approximation and relate to geometry and curved surfaces. Thereafter, it will analyze how simple geometric problems can be handled using Euler’s method. Generally, numerical differential equations are always represented in the equation or functions, f. These functions can handle a wider range of ordinary differential equation (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs). A system of ordinary differential equations can contain any number of unknown functions. However, all these functions must be a derivative of a single independent variable, t that is the same for other functions (Kuang and Cong, 2007). On the other hand , partial differential equations often have two or more independent variables. Differential Equations There are numerous ways of solving differential equations. However, there are fundamental equations upon which all other equations are built. The first order system of differential equation takes the simplest order dy/dt = f(y, t) or y? = f(x, y). Where dy/dy represents the change in y with time and f(y, t) is a function of variables y and t. notably, there are numerous notations for the change d/dt. The most common ones include ? and y’. This equation satisfies numerical integration that means computation from initial point y0 (the initial condition) to the other successive conditions y1, y2, y3 †¦ since differential equations cannot be solved analytically, they take an algorithm that computes the function or equation as precise as possible, that is, yn+1 from yn. In some cases, y may be a vector while the evolution equation may be non-linear differential equations. Pro blem Formulation The main theme of this essay is to use first order differential to solve differential equation under certain set conditions. Consider that the fundamental differential equation of the first order of ordinary differential equation is dy/dx = f(x, y) with the initial boundary condition being y(x0) = y0. Approximate the function y(x) over the sample values of xn

Relationship between Stock Market Prices and Macroeconomic Variables Essay

Relationship between Stock Market Prices and Macroeconomic Variables - Essay Example This is an indication that the indexes will rely majorly on the stock prices of the major companies in the capital market. Therefore most financial experts like relying on this index as it is closer to representing the real market. According to Madura (2008, pg 347), the index is calculated by considering the stock price of five hundred biggest companies in the market. It explains that the companies are selected based on their market capitalization. To understand this dynamic relation the relation between the stock price and the variables in the macro economy, a clear and incisive analysis of the effects of these variables on the financial markets is required. This paper examines some of the relationships between the stock prices and market indices and the variables of the macroeconomic environment within economies of countries like the United States and England. Â  The GDP of a nation covers all the products and services produced in a single financial year. In Berezina (2012) opinion, it covers the entire products, from the smallest item to the largest possible item and services purchased by the consumers in this economy. It notes that investors pay keen attention to indicators of sustainable growth in the GDP of an economy to make decisions on investment. When the report shows that there is growth in GDP, many investors will be attracted to the economy. This translates to higher stock prices as investors rush to acquire stakes in companies within these economies. In the absence of growth, the investor confidence is low and the stock prices are likely to slump. This is usually reflected in the performance of the index of the market. Analysts believe that the performance of a market over a financial year will reflect the overall performance in GDP. For instance, Madura (2008) explains that economic factors that affect the stock prices includ e indicators like GDP (Madura 2008, pg 270).

Old School Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Old School Research - Essay Example There are several forms, which land pollution can occur. This includes spilling of oil, using of farming chemicals, illegal dumping in the natural habitat areas, nuclear accidents and radiation spilling, loitering along the road and damages caused as a result of mining (Best, 31). Land pollution leads to deforestation, destroying the natural habitat that is occupied by wildlife and damages to the natural resources. This result too many negativities such as degradation of the country’s economy. Therefore, people should avoid the possible causes of land pollution. This will result to an attractive, clean environment (Peirce, 64). This is the contamination of water bodies. As a result, it leads to the death of aquatic animals and leads to health complications in human beings. Some of the reasons that are leading to water pollution include, emptying of sewage and dumping of harmful substances to river streams, Waste pills from industries that lead to contamination of underground waters (Best, 65). Others are biologically related such as bacteria cloth and therefore, water should be treated before being consumed. This is the contamination of air by emission of smoke and other harmful gases such as sulphur and nitrogen. Air pollution results to health complications such as asthma. The causes of pollution are nuclear accidents, exhaust fumes emitted by vehicles and the burning of fossil fuels. Improper lighting in communities that result in visibility of stars and planets at night leads to light pollution. These are street lightings shining their light in all directions rather than directing their light towards the streets and the unnecessary lighting in homes. Effects of lighting lead to disrupting the sleeping cycle and corrupt kids curious nature (Peirce, 88). Increasing of temperatures due to human activities leads to thermal pollution. These are the areas with vehicles and concretes or generally, a busy town this can also be

Your pick of this week's news week 11 Assignment

Your pick of this week's news week 11 - Assignment Example However, the author gives us sufficient evidence to believe so. In a news conference organized by the FBI, an envoy from Poland, Caria Tomczykowska says, â€Å"Their financial value is modest, perhaps $12,000 each, but they are priceless emotionally†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . A ceremony of restoration will also be held on June 16 and will be presided over by U.S. and Polish officials. The paintings are set to arrive at the museum on 17 April, 2014. The reportage is true. The author has provided enough evidence to prove the validity of the issue at hand. For instance, the events that have been laid down to commemorate the return of the paintings to the museum show that the reportage has nothing but facts. It is also worth noting that during a press conference on April 11, 2014 at the Philip Burton Federal Buildings, the paintings were presented for all to see. The author has a photograph of one of Weynerowska’s paintings known as â€Å"Umbrellas†. This article is hard news. The author does not give his opinions, but rather concentrates on the life of Weynerowska and how she became an artist. The information highlighted by the author is profound. This is a great article. Even though the author talks about the events that led to FBI locating the missing paintings, he also tells as of the events that are to come next. The author also gives us a sneak peak of Weynerowska’s life and how she became an artist. Egelko, Bob. FBI finds ‘priceless’ Polish art in Bay Area storage facility. Apr. 12, 2014. Web. Apr. 14, 2014.

US Airline Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

US Airline Industry - Essay Example In this paper, the proponent tries to critically evaluate the US Airline Industry using the key frameworks of International business. PESTLE Analysis The US Airline Industry substantially needs a macro-environmental analysis from time to time. The PESTLE analysis could sufficiently provide macro-environmental understanding of the business environment of this industry. As a macro-environmental analysis, the PESTLE analysis is composed of important factors such as politics, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental which have the capacity to affect and alter business at a significant level (Haberberg and Rieple, 2008). Politics The US Airline Industry belongs to a highly political scenario. The very proof was the revolution from regulation to deregulation scenario in the industry. It is highly political in the sense that competitors are trying to influence the government’s decision in order to come up with their competitive advantage in the industry. Competition was a central focus in this case because the industry is substantially composed of varying investors who would want to try to reach specific level of competitive advantage. However, the government’s political power also has important implication on the prevailing US Airline Industry. ... and price-sensitive customers, based on the case, poor economic condition of the country substantially affects the prevailing status of the US Airline Industry. This resulted to poor achievement of profit within the industry. Deregulation resulted to the formation of many airlines which also finally end up with overcapacity and eventually net losses for the industry (Vasigh et al., 2008). However, economic downturns have proven effective contributing factor that substantially affect the profitability of the US Airline Industry. In 1990s the US experienced downturn and this was further aggravated by political uncertainty due to the Gulf War and surging fuel costs (Vasigh et al., 2008). This resulted to poor economic performance within the US Airline Industry. In 2008 to 2009, passenger volumes around the globe dropped as an upshot of the economic crisis associated in these years (Rosenberg, 2010). This substantially proves that the US Airline Industry could be highly affected by the p revailing economic condition of the country and it could be severely hurt at some point for as long as the financial stability of passengers is concerned. Social Another important factor affecting poor profitability within the US Airline Industry is the existence of price-sensitive customers. However, this can only be just among of the major drawbacks of other important factors such as economic in particular. It is also important to understand profitability within the context of social understanding and the prevailing status of the US Airline Industry within individual organization. The US Airline Industry is one of the highly unionized industries in the US with more than 70% eligible employees of major airlines belonging to union (Belobaba et al., 2009). This has substantial implication

Consumer law, warranties and conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Consumer law, warranties and conditions - Essay Example The most suitable test to distinguish among two terms is that if the stipulation is such that its breach would be fatal to the rights of the aggrieved party, then such a stipulation is a condition and where it is not so, the stipulation is only a warranty (Marsh, 1999). In addition, an action for damages can also be brought by the plaintiff for non delivery of goods (Miller’s Machinery Co. Ltd. (1934) (ABA, 1997). In other words , a warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives the aggrieved party a right to sue for damages only and not to void the contract (Whaley, 2009). It is also noteworthy that a breach of a condition may be treated as a breach of warranty but a breach of warranty is not a breach of a condition (Keichel, 2010) and (Mitchell, et. al. 2003). From this we can deduce that a condition forms the very basis of a contract but a warranty is only of secondary importance (Ghemawat, 2010). After the Sales of Good Act (SGA) 1979, the distinction between sale by description and sale of specific goods was removed. Now the seller is in much of a precarious position than it used to be under the operation of common law. The Unfair Contract Terms Act (UCTA) 1977, s.3, does not allow any seller to exclude liability in such a manner as Harry’s has attempted to do. From the events it turns out that Stubley Ltd. is a consumer in this case as their primary business is not buying cars for their directors and hence, this particular transaction will not be dealt with in the scope of business. Furthermore, under Section 12-15 of the Sales of Good Act there are seven implied terms in favor of the buyer and five of these have been ranked as conditions and two are regarded as warranties. The five statutory implied terms which are labeled as conditions are 1) title, 2) correspondence with description, 3) quality, 4) fitness for purpose and 5) correspondence

Biology Gcse Revision Essay Example for Free

Biology Gcse Revision Essay Small living organisms; there are 3 types * Bacteria – ecoli, salmonella * Fungi – mushrooms, athletes foot * Virus – influenza (flu), HIV * When they enter our body, they multiply and release toxins / harmful chemicals into our blood * They duplicate every 20 minutes Physical barriers: eyelashes prevent MO’s from entering through our eyes, nasal hairs reduce them, skin is a barrier to them (although they can enter through cuts), chemicals in tears and sweat, acid in the stomach kills most MO’s * Also called pathogens (microorganisms that cause disease) * Our body provides MO’s with ideal conditions to multiply in (warm and moist) The immune system: * All white blood cells are part of this system * Phagocyte – a type of white blood cell that will eliminate the virus by engulfing then digesting the bacteria, the process of this is called phagocytosis. Lymphocyte – a type of white blood cell that carry antibodies * Antigen – certain chemicals that are foreign to the body in pathogens * E. g. : 1. James is infected by some bacteria that cause a disease. 2. The bacteria reproduce and produce toxins that make James ill 3. A white blood cell detects the bacteria and it makes antibodies to attach to it. Other white blood cells engulf the labelled bacteria and destroy them 4. The white blood cells that produce the right antibodies reproduce meaning there are lots of them making antibodies 5. Most of the white blood cells that make this antibody die, but there are few that stay in the blood called memory cells 6. The bacteria are killed and James gets better 7. He is then infected by the same bacteria 8. The memory cells that stayed in James’ blood from last time respond quickly and kill the bacteria before he becomes ill * Memory cell – a type of white blood cell that stay in the blood after the infection has been fought off * They respond quickly when it meets a microorganism for the econd time and produce the right antibody for the particular microorganism and destroy it before you feel unwell meaning you become immune to a disease. Vaccinations: * Vaccination involves exposing the body’s immune system to a dead or inactive version of the pathogen in order to stimulate white blood cells to produce antibodies for a disease or group of diseases * People can be immunised against a pathogen through vaccination. Different vaccines are needed for different pathogens * The vaccine contains only a weakened or harmless version of a pathogen, which means that the vaccinated person is in no danger of developing the disease * Epidemic – a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time * To prevent epidemics a large percentage of the population needs to be vaccinated Antimicrobials: Chemicals that inhibit the growth of MO’s or kill them, but don’t kill viruses * Antibiotics – type of antimicrobial that kill bacteria but don’t kill viruses * MO’s can sometimes become resistant to antimicrobials (leads to a gene for resistance being passed down to offspring) * Antibiotic resistance – when some of the bacteria are resistant to the antibiotics, this can be slowed down by finishing the course and only taking them when needed * The main steps in the development of resistance are: 1. Random changes or mutations occur in th e genes of individual bacterial cells 2. Some mutations protect the bacterial cell from the effects of the antibiotic 3. Bacteria without the mutation die or cannot reproduce with the antibiotic present 4. The resistant bacteria are able to reproduce with less competition from normal bacterial strains * Mutations in bacteria can result in them becoming resistant to antibiotics, turning the bacteria into a ‘superbug’ * MRSA is a superbug resistant to almost all antibiotics Clinical trials: * When a new drug is tested on humans to find out whether or not it is afe and if it works * Groups are chosen at random to make sure that the results of the study are reliable * The control group is the group that will be given the same drug again, or a placebo * Placebo – a ‘fake’ drug in the form of a medicine that doesn’t do anything, it just dissolves in your system * In some trials where patients are seriously ill, placebos aren’t used because it is unethical not to allow them to get the potential benefits of the new drug * Blind trial – patients don’t know if they’ve been given a drug or placebo because a patient who knows they are being treated might feel better for psychological reasons even if there hasn’t been any improvement * Double-blind trial – as well as the patients, the scientists carrying out the research also don’t find out until the end which patients were given real drugs/placebos * Open-label trials – the patients and the scientists are both aware of the treatments that have been used because they can’t be masked, e. g. if one is a drug and the other is exercise Circulatory system: * Blood is circulated around the body in tubes called blood vessels * Oxygen and nutrients are carried in the blood to the body cells and waste substances (e. g. arbon dioxide) are carried away from the cells * Cell – a basic unit of life * The heart is a pumping organ that keeps the blood flowing through the vessels * The heart is a double pump * The right side pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to collect oxygen and remove carbon dioxide * The left pumps oxygenated blood around the body * Aorta – biggest artery in the body * Coronary arteries – branch from the aorta and provide the heart with oxygen, blood and nutrients * Lumen – the inside space of a vessel Blood vessel| Structure and adaptation| Arteries| * Carry blood away from the heart to the body cells * The blood comes out of the heart at a high pressure so the artery walls ave to be thick, strong and elastic| Veins| * Carry blood back to the heart * The blood is at a lower pressure so the walls are thinner * The lumen is bigger than arteries so the blood can flow more easily * The valves keep the blood flowing in the right direction| capillaries| * Carry blood really close to every cell in the body to exchange substances (the walls are permeable to substances diffuse in and out) * Branches of very small arteries (a microscope is needed to see them) * Supply nutrients and oxygen and remove wastes (e. g. carbon dioxide) * Walls are only one cell thick which increases the rate of diffusion| Heart rate / blood pressure: Blood needs to be under pressure to be able to travel around our body * The pressure is kept up by the heart continuously pumping * Heart rate – number of times the heart beats in one minute * Pulse rate  œ number of times an artery pulsates in one minute * The pulsation of an artery is caused by blood being pumped through it by a heart beat * When the heart muscle contracts, blood is forced out of the heart and increases blood pressure * When the heart muscle relaxes, the heart fills with blood and blood pressure decreases * Blood pressure measurements – e. g. 135/85 the higher value is the pressure when the heart contracts and the lower value is when it relaxes * Normal / average blood pressure – 80-110/60-80 * Normal / average heart rate – 60-100bpm High blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease * High blood pressure can damage the smooth and unbroken lining of an artery * Fatty deposits can build up in these damaged areas and they restrict blood flow, increasing the blood pressure to increase * If a fatty deposit breaks through the inner lining of an artery, a blood clot can form around it which could completely block the artery * If a coronary artery becomes completely blocked, an area of the heart muscle will be totally cut off from its blood supply, receiving no oxygen – this causes a heart attack * A heart attack can cause serious damage to the heart or cause death of the heart muscle Heart disease: * Heart disease can be caused by genes but is often linked to lifestyle factors * Poor diet – cholesterol makes up a large part of fatty deposits increasing blood cholesterol which increases the risk of heart disease, food with a lot of salt increases blood pressure * Smoking – carbon monoxide reduces how much oxygen the blood can transport and nicotine increases heart rate * Stress – increases blood pressure Drugs – ecstasy and cannabis increase heart rate which increases blood pressure * Excessive alcohol – increases blood pressure * Regular moderate exercise reduces the risk of developing heart disease * Heart disease is more common in industrialised countries (e. g. UK and USA) because they can afford high fat food and don’t need to be very active because they can afford cars, etc Epidemiological studies: * Epidemiology is the study of patterns of diseases and the factors that affect them * Lifestyle factors – studying a group of people who all died from heart disease to look for similarities in their lifestyle that may be linked to heart disease, e. g. hey were all smokers or they had poor diets * Genetic studies – studying the genetic makeup of a large group of people and looking out for genetic similarities between the people who affected by heart disease Homeostasis: * Balancing inputs with outputs to maintain a constant internal environment * Body temperature and water levels are both kept constant * The environment is constantly ch anging so the conditions inside the body need to be kept steady in order for cells to function properly * Automatic control systems maintain body temperature and water levels * The three main parts to maintaining homeostasis are: 1. The receptors – detect a change in the environment 2. Processing centres – receive information and determine how the body systems respond 3. Effectors – produce the response * Negative feedback – information that causes a reversal in a control system, e. g. when we get too hot our body responds by bringing our temperature back to normal (37 degrees) * Vasodilation – when blood vessels become wider and closer to the skins surface * When body temperature goes over 37 degrees, it is detected by the receptors and a message is sent to the processing centre in the brain (hypothalamus). The effectors produce the response and the blood vessels vasodilate so that heat is lost and temperature drops. The vessels then return to their normal diameter. The kidneys maintain levels of water, urea, salts and other chemicals in the blood * Urea comes from broken down proteins and needs to be excreted because it has poisonous chemicals that can get into the blood stream * Inputs – water can be gained from drinks, food an d respiration * Outputs – water can be lost through sweating, breathing and in faeces and urine * The kidneys balance water levels by producing dilute or concentrated urine * Blood plasma – the liquid that carries blood cells and dissolved substances * The concentration of urine depends on the concentration of blood plasma (which varies with external temperature, exercise levels and the intake of fluids and salt) External temperature| Exercise | Intake of fluids and salts| * Sweat contains water so sweating causes water loss * When it’s hot, the kidneys reabsorb more water back into the blood * A small amount of concentrated urine will be produced| * Exercise makes you hotter so you sweat to cool down * Same effect as heat produced * Small volume of concentrated urine| * Not drinking enough water or eating too much salt will produce concentrated urine * Drinking lots of water will produce lots of dilute urine| * The concentration of urine is controlled by a hormone called ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) * The pituitary gland releases ADH into the bloodstream * The process of water content regulation is controlled by negative feedback When the concentration of blood plasma falls†¦| When the concentration of blood plasma rises†¦| The pituitary gland secretes†¦| Less ADH| More ADH| The kidneys reabsorb†¦| Less water| More water| The urine volume†¦| Increases| Decrease s| The urine concentration†¦| Decreases| Increases| 1. A receptor in the brain detects that the water content is too high 2. The processing centre in the brain receives the information and coordinates a response 3. The pituitary gland releases less ADH so the kidneys reabsorb less water Or 1. A receptor in the brain detects that the water content is too low 2. The processing centre in the brain receives the information and coordinates a response 3. The pituitary gland releases more ADH so the kidneys reabsorb more water * ADH production can be affected by drugs * Alcohol suppresses (restrains or forcibly stops) ADH production so the kidneys will reabsorb less water * Drinking alcohol can result in a larger amount of more dilute urine being produced * More water passes out of the body as urine which can cause dehydration * Ecstasy is an illegal recreational drug * Taking it can result in a smaller amount of more concentrated urine being produced * Ecstasy causes the production of ADH to increase so the kidneys will reabsorb more water * Less water passes out of the body as urine

Strategic Business Planning Management And Decision Making

Strategic Business Planning Management And Decision Making The term strategy has found a limited definition arising, principally, from military origins. This definition has been expanded into the business context where many authors have argued strategy in terms of quantitative and qualitative processes. However, it continues to defy a singular, definitive definition. In order to understand strategy, we must look beyond its military antecedents and identify strategy as a life process. Different possible definitions of strategy are: Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves the advantage in the changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectations. Strategies are developed in order to achieve the goals and objectives of the organisation. Aconsistency of direction based on a clear understanding of the game being played and an acute awareness of how to manoeuvre into a position of advantage. Strategy is not just a notion of how to deal with an enemy or set of competitors or a market. It draws us into some of the most fundamental issues about organizations as instruments for collective perception and action. Scope and nature of strategic business management and planning: Scope and nature of strategic business management and planning is a widespread topic and it is hard to list down every aspect of it. I am using JSW model to describe some of the key aspects of strategic business management and planning: The organisations long termdirection: no specific timescale is envisaged but one should think in terms in excess of one year and more probably of several years. The scope of an organisations activities: This will include both the overall roles and purposes the organisation accepts for itself and the activities it undertakes in pursuit of them. For commercial organisations and for many not for profit organisations too, strategic planning will be about gaining some kind of advantage in competition. Strategic decisions are affected by the values and expectationsof organisations stakeholders. Stakeholders are people who have a legitimate interest in what the organisation does. Characteristics of strategic business management and planning: Using JSW model as an reference, some of the key characteristics of strategic business management and planning are: Decisions about the strategic planning are likely to be complexsince there are likely to be a number of significant factors to take in to consideration and a variety of possible outcomes to balance against one another. There is likely to be a high degree of uncertaintysurrounding strategic planning, both about the precise nature of current circumstances and about the likely consequences of any course of action. Strategic planning and management have extensive impact on operational decision making, that is, planning and decision at lower levels in the organisation. Strategic planning affects the whole organisation and requires processes that cross operational and functional boundaries within it. An integrated approachis therefore required. Strategic planning and management are likely to lead to changewithin the organisation as resource capacity is adjusted to permit new courses of action. Changes with implications for organisational cultureare particularly complex and difficult to manage. Key strategies of British Airways are: Be the airline of primary choice for long haul premium customers: So people will want to fly with us at any time they can. We will carry on to come up with great stuff such as the new business class seat on long haul and a restyled First cabin. Deliver a incomparable service for customers at every touch point: By training crew, on the ground and in the sky, in world-class warmth and customer service. Customers can check-in from their mobiles or PDAs. Grow our survival in key global cities around the world: To render the best global connectivity for our customers. In addition toour new long haul service from London City to New York JFK, our network depth will strengthen with more flights to Dubai and Johannesburg and a return to Saudi Arabia. Build on our leading stance in London: The worlds biggest aviation market. Ensuring Heathrow remains a world classhub is vital to give us a powerful London base to cater the largest international long haul markets. We will obtain new slots, support plans for athird runway and work with BAA to improve baggage and terminal conveniencesat Heathrow. Meet our customers needs and improve profit margins through new revenue streams: By coming up with profitable supplementary services that offer customers great value and re-enforce our brand. Our aspire is to grow our mileage business and further revenues from third-party engineering, in-flight sales and a new online retail website. On ba.com we have now launched a variety of great value hotel and car hire options packaged with our flights. The decisions we are taking now will establish how strongly we materialize from the downturn. The airline industry is in a period of unprecedented change and we have developed a clear strategy for our business. In order to become the principal global premium airline, we necessitate to look at the way we work as well as what we are doing as a business. For that rationale, along with our five key strategies, we have launched a three-year change programme Compete 2012 correlated to our sponsorship of the London 2012 Olympics. This programme is being progressively rolled out across our business to revive our culture and will reform the way we work. Need of strategy in global environment: Todays environment is very much dynamic. Organisations are in a constant exercise of realigning themselves to the needs of the environment. Defined and thorough strategy plays a vital part here. Especially for a globally operating organisation like BA, it could be a matter of success or failure. Managers must be aware that markets, supplies, investors, locations, partners, and competitors can be everywhere. Successful businesses will take advantage of opportunities wherever they are and will be prepared for downfalls. International strategy is the continuous and comprehensive management technique designed to help companies operate and compete effectively across national restrictions, For example, some companies form partnerships with companies in other countries, others acquire companies in other countries, others still develop products, services, and marketing campaigns designed to appeal to customers in other countries. Some rudimentary aspects of international strategies mirror do mestic strategies in that companies must determine what products or services to sell, where and how to sell them, where and how they will produce or provide them, and how they will compete with other companies in the industry in accordance with company goals. Generally, a Company develops its international strategy by considering its overall strategy, which includes its operations at home and abroad. We can consider four aspects of strategy: (1) scope of operations, (2) resource allocation, (3) competitive advantage, and (4) synergy. Besides the fact that well defined strategic business management and planning processes bring structure, control and consistency to the overall decision making of the organisation but we (the company) should also consider that the formal decision making model discussed above may distract managers attention from controlling actual process as making strategic plans is not the same thing as managing the process. A split may also develop between the people responsible for planning and those responsible for implementation. Particularly in large organisation like ours (BA) the planning system may be too complex and extensive for even quite senior managers to understand the way it works. Over-formal planning systems and over-rigid control can hamper innovative thinking. As the national and international environment is always in a constant move so one can say that there is no one best planning and management model. Now a days the environmental factors and most importantly the customer are in a greater power than before that influences the overall structure, strategy, planning and management processes of the organisation. Prescriptive and Emergent (Mintzberg) strategies: In real world, 100% intended or prescriptive strategies does not get realised. Some intended strategies fail as predicted environment keeps changing. Emergent strategies arise in response to unexpected changes in the environment and may be better than intended strategies. Hence, organisations should keep some room for emergent strategies alongside the formal process i.e. Rational model. Following diagram is a snapshot of how a mix of prescriptive and emergent strategies get realised in the practical world: Different levels of strategy and their relationship with each other: (Hofer and Schender) Strategic business management and planning can be formulated on three different levels: Corporate level. Tactical or business level. Operational level. Corporate level strategy makers analyze the common needs of business units and add impact to the whole system in addition to individual development of participating business units. Issues with reference to the introduction of new products or growth into new markets or segments are all a part of this strategic level. Corporate level strategy forms the stem of the strategic decision tree and the management has to be wholly responsive of its implications as well as the sensitivity of all succeeding strategies, no matter at what level. It is of prime substance that corporate level strategy is entirely associated by and large with the vision of the business and the values and prospect of stakeholders. Business or tactical level strategies are in essence position strategies whereby businesses safe for themselves uniqueness and spot in the market. The endeavour here is to augment the business value for the corporate and stakeholders by increasing the brand understanding and value professed by the customers. The third level of strategy is the operational level which chiefly is concerned with successfully implementing the tactical decisions prepared at Corporate and business unit level through optimal consumption of resources and competencies of the business unit. A methodical understanding of the three levels of strategy makes their strong co-dependence and non-hierarchical nature obvious. All strategies have to be in absolute harmonization with each other since the accomplishment of one is inseparably related to the other. So as a substitute of being in a top-down order, the inter-connecting can be visualized as a triangle with the three corners indicating the three levels. Visions, missions and objectives: The two organisations which are to be contrasted and compared are British Airways (for Profit) and Oxfam (Not for Profit). Vision: Vision means the category of intentions which are broad, all-intrusive and forward-thinking. The corporate success is reliant on the vision set by the top management. A vision is the image that a business must have of its objectives before it sets out to reach them. It describes ambitions for the future, without specifying the means that will be used to achieve those desired ends. Vision of British Air : The Vision focuses on employees and customers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.it emphasizes BAs desire to be the worlds global airline. Vision of Oxfam UK : Oxfams vision is that diverse communities of people living in poverty will exercise their rights to a decent and secure standard of living in developed society. Mission : A mission statement is an organizations vision converted into written form. It makes tangible the managements view of the direction and purpose of the organization. Mission of British Airways : To be the undisputed leader in world travel for the next millennium. Mission of Oxfam : The main areas of Oxfam mission focus are poverty alleviation, action against violence, making people exercise their rights, removing gender inequality and preventing and reducing environment damage. Objectives : Objectives give the organization a clearly defined target. Planning can then be made thereafter to achieve these targets. This is helpful in motivating the employees. It also allows the business to measure the progress towards to its stated aims. Objectives of British Airways : The main objectives of British Air revolve around the following key areas: Employee satisfaction and retention Customer Satisfaction Being more effective as an international carrier as compared to other airlines. Making efficient use of resources. Using methods that are environmentally friendly. Making the airline more competitive in terms of fares while at the same time focusing on profitability. Objectives of Oxfam : The main objectives of Oxfam address the following: Creating programs for people to make them exercise their rights. Taking measures to reduce environmental damage. Creating awareness among women and thus working towards gender equality. Taking practical measures against the use of violence. Methodology for creating Vision, Mission and Objectives: The methodology used would be: Vision: Based on the views of the management to create a certain image of the airline in the long-term and how the founding members/key stakeholders want to see the organization in future. Mission: It will be based on the vision and the methodology used will depend on the need for to stand out amongst the airline industry. Objective: The Objectives will be decided comparing the performance of other airlines and the key steps / indicators required to translate the vision in to tangible results. Methodology for creating Vision, Mission and Objectives: Vision: This will be decided according to the core principles on which a charity like Oxfam is founded. The factors considered would be the environment in which the charity operates and the people affected by its activities. Mission: This area is decided according to the aims of the key stakeholders and the different areas on which Oxfam focuses including poverty reduction, disaster relief and development projects around the world. Objective: The objectives will be set for the short or long term and the performance measures for the charity taking into consideration the main areas of operations as well as the likely hurdles in attaining a particular goal. Strategic business management and planning method: Strategic Business Management and Planning Method of the organization : One of the main methods used is the SWOT Analysis and the PEST analysis. It takes into account the likely impact of the steps taken by British Air to meet its objectives taking into account the competitors as well as the global conditions existent in the world of travel and transport. This will focus on the main areas which can have a direct impact on the running of the airline including the fuel prices , customer satisfaction, competitor fares etc. Strategic Business Management and Planning Method of the organization : The methods used for a non-profit like Oxfam would be different as they will focus on key achievement areas in its global relief and humanitarian efforts rather than profitability. A key method might be the Value for Money (VFM) process. The likely areas taken into account during these methods might include the amount of donations received, the number of people served and the effectiveness of the work undertaken by Oxfam. The influence of corporate governance and regulations: Influence of Corporate Governance and Regulations: British airways has to take into account different areas of corporate governance including the performance of the board and the regulation concerning the executive pay, the roles and duties of chairman and the chief executive , regulation concerning the functioning of board committees, shareholder accountability , environmental regulation. Influence of Corporate Governance and Regulations: Oxfams corporate governance procedures will take into account the requirement for directors and trustees and adhering to a code of conduct(based on the Nolan Committee Principles of Standards in Public Life),also looking into possible conflicts of interests . The specifications of the memorandum of association and the key charitable aims of the charity. Relevance of visions, missions and objectives: Many organisations never explore their reasons for being in business. They are so involved in day-to-day actions they fail to see the bigger picture. So what is the significance of having an articulated Vision, Mission and Objectives? It starts with establishing your core values. Core values are things that drive an organisation. They are the driving force of an organisation. They are fixed and do not change over time. Once the core values are established, the next step is the Vision, a long-term goal. It can be something minute or something that is huge. The Mission flows from an organisations Vision. A Mission is important because it embraces the commitment of an organisation to staff, customers, and the community at large. It may define the company ethos, core beliefs of the owners, service levels, quality, excellence, training and commitment. Setting objectives is the stage that comes next in the process. It is important because it shows how an organisation delivers on the promises made by its Mission. If there is clarity in both the Vision and Mission, it is easy to decide on the objectives. Objectives can be set for each key area of the business along with a time-line for completion. Objectives may be corporate, product, market, sales, financial, operations, or staff related or any combination of these.As can be seen, this is a trickle down system with higher level aspirations that flow down to every level of the business and become the glue that holds everything together. The benefits of having a vision, mission and objectives are clear and unambiguous. Every step that an organisation takes is in pursuit of its articulated end game.

An Introduction To Independent Filming

An Introduction To Independent Filming Because independent film is independently financed, several of its characteristics, such as visual art, theme and background, make it different from any other type of film. An independent film, indie film, or underground film, is a film that is produced mostly outside of a major film studio. Todays big six major film studios are Time Warner, News Corporation, Viacom, Sony, The Walt Disney Company and General Electric/Vivendi Universal. Technically, Independent film does not belong to any major film studio or film company; both the funding and film-making are done independently. The funds of making an independent film were originally mostly from the funding that director has found by himself or even that the director personally contributes to the film. But nowadays, independent films are usually produced or distributed by subsidiaries of major studios so that, if less than half of a films financing comes from a major studio, it can be considered independent film. Where Does Independent Film Come From? The concept of independent film came from Hollywood in the last century. At that time, the Hollywood oligopoly replaced the Edison monopoly. Within this new system, a pecking order was soon established which left little room for any newcomers. At the top were the five major studios, MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO, Warner Bros., and Twentieth Century Fox. Beneath them were Universal Studios and Columbia Pictures. Finally there was Poverty Row, a catch all term used to encompass any other smaller studio that managed to fight their way up into the increasingly exclusive movie business. It is worth noting that though the small studios that made up Poverty Row could be characterized as existing independently of any major studio, they utilized the same kind of vertically and horizontally integrated systems of business as the larger players in the game. Though the eventual breakup of the studio system and its restrictive chain-theater distribution network would leave independent movie houses eager for the kind of populist, seat-filling product of the Poverty Row s tudios, that same paradigm shift would also lead to the decline and ultimate disappearance of Poverty Row as a Hollywood phenomenon. While the kinds of films produced by Poverty Row studios only grew in popularity, they would eventually become increasingly available both from major production companies and from independent producers who no longer needed to rely on a studios ability to package and release their work (wiki). So at the time, the studio system had brought large amounts of money to the film industry, but it also extremely limited the themes of film that a scriptwriter would be allowed to write about. Because of this situation, many filmmakers wanted to get out of the studio system so they collected money and directed the film by themselves, sometimes even writing the scripts by themselves. Therefore, a large number of the independently funded and directed films were totally different from the commercial films that had been made. It is these films that became the first independent films. Backgrounds of Independent Directors A film can be called an independent film for two reasons. The first reason is that most of the financing is not from a major studio. The second reason is that the theme of the film is unique. From the beginning, independent film is different from the major studios: its purpose is not to earn money. Although production is small (low cost and simple technology are the symbols of the independent film), this does not mean that the film itself is crude or unprofessional. Because there are fewer influences from sponsors, the independent films can be involved in more themes that commercial films cannot write about, it also shows the unique of the director. Basically, the themes of independent films in the U.S. have no limit as they include politics, violence, sex, science fiction, crime and even indescribable fantasy. So it is really hard to classify independent films the same way one does for Hollywood commercial films. The unique characteristics of independent film can be proved by the backgrounds of the director of an independent film. It is not hard to find out that these directors usually have their own unique backgrounds, not only their race, but also their social status and the area that they come from. Each director is skilled in his own way and wants to show this in his film through the use of complicated structure. Take John Cassavetes, for example, who is basically called the father of the independent film in the U.S. He is most notable as a pioneer of American independent film. John was born into a Greek-American family, so his Greek family values extremely influenced his creativity in film. So, in his films, it is clear to see his observations of and questioning on American family life. They also show self-examination in the relationships between families. Woody Allen, another famous director, was born in Brooklyn, New York City, in a well-educational Jewish family. From Annie Hall to Melinda and Melinda, we can see that Woody Allens background caused him to criticize reality in his films. Another director, Spike Lee, grow up in the same neighborhood as Woody Allen, but he has a totally different angle in directing films. Because Spike Lee was born into a middle to low class, African-American family, his films are full of a fearlessness to corruption and violence and tended to show the darkness of society. Even when dealing with the same theme, different directors usually show a different point of view. For example: sex. In Woody Allens film Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*But Were Afraid to Ask , he describes traditional sex using jokes instead of serious discussion. Allen even played the role of a sperm in his film for emphasis. Steven Soderbergh, however, also dealt with the theme of sex. In his opinion, sex became a symbol of danger. In his film, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, sex is abnormal and makes people feel restless. This is totally different from Woody Allens humor. Thus, independent film directors each have their own style and skilled theme, causing a unique structure of theme in independent film. Black humor In Independent Film The black humor in independent film is a kind of humor that makes people feel sad. One way is to describe the compassion to nobody; another way is to sneer at somebody. Woody Allen is a representative man to use the second way in his films. Woody is good at directing his films in an exaggerated funny way, and most of his films are against tradition and authority, for example his early films Bananas Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex*But Were Afraid to Ask and Sleeper. These films were meant to poke fun at Hollywoods politic film, sex film and science-fiction film at that time. Most importantly, these mocks were definitely valuable and were not sleazy jokes, but always make people think about more. And after people laughing at these jokes, they will feel a little bit sad about this reality. After Woody Allens early films, his skills has developed and used it to make fun of all society and human nature itself. In Stardust Memories Everyone Says I Love You Bullets Over Broad way, human nature, love, violence, happiness, etc, these ideas has instead of Hollywood, became his targets. Although it sounds impossible to make fun of these things, Woody Allen can always give us surprise, he has ability to make people laugh. Even in Stardust Memories, has been thought it was greeting to Ernst Ingmar Bergman, it is still easy to see Woody Allens self-mockery. In this film, he used a lot of skills from European directors, because of this, he has been criticized by critical circles, but he still treated it as his best film. Of course, Woody Allen can never forget to make fun of Hollywood, the typical one is The Purple Rose of Cairo. This film poked fun of that Hollywood made huge contrast between the reality and film world. Because of the big differences that Hollywood made in film world between realities, he criticized the Hollywood film industry. The Purple Rose of Cairo is one of Woody Allens most importantly films, it criticized film industry itself make it bec ame a landmark in independent film history. The way to make fun of nobody is used by a lot of directors, Coen brothers become the best of these directors since they began direct the independent films. Their tender humble but a little bit weird black humor became their symbol. Especially their first film Blood Simple, it became one landmark in independent film history, this film has influenced a lot of films after, especially large number of 90s independent films, its style and theme became the fashion in independent film industry. But Blood Simple was just their first one, Coen brothers second film Barton Fink won the reputation for them. The same as Woody Allen, in Barton Fink, it full of taunts to Hollywood, and their thoughts has showed in this film. The boss of the film company in Barton Fink stands for those Hollywood big shots. Money can make them kneel down, and can also make them became animals without any humanity and of course they do not care the art of films. After this film, O brother, Where art thou? became anoth er landmark, this film was adopted from Odyssey. It discussed the changes of American politics and religions make it became more like an epic for independent film history. Quentin Tarantino, are also famous for his black humor in his films. From his first famous film Reservoir Dogs, poke fun of mafia, crime, violence and etc, it became his mark. In his film Pulp Fiction, all the members of mafia has been described stupid, dirty and has no brains. They bully the weak and fear the strong, make people cannot stop laughing at them. Kill Bill extremely showed his black violent aesthetics, the female role in this film fight with Japanese mafias, killing people is just a little thing, this scene is also poke fun of Hollywood that used Chinese kung fu whenever they want to. The most typical black humor independent film must be Kevin Smiths Clerks, this film just cost $27,000, and it was a miracle to Hollywood in 90s. This is a really simple story about two salesclerks. They open for business, but there is no business. They go to funeral, but the coffin has been overthrown by them, etc. All these stories happened in the same day, it has no directly connections but it is well-organized. The story is simple, but it full of philosophy, makes people try to think. At the end, it tells people a simple truth but usually been ignored by people, which is be nice to your friends and family. In independent film, usually need wonderful actors to play out the black humor. Like Tom Cruise in Magnolia, Dustin Hoffman in I Heart Huckabees, Samuel L Jackson in Do the Right Thing and etc. These good actors are really important to any good independent films. Freedom, Revolt Violence in Independent Film For independent film, freedom is the most important characteristic. This freedom not only means the freedom of funds, but also means the freedom of minds. From some point, independent film can also be called freedom film. If independent film want to be freedom means have to break the tradition rules, which also means have to revolt the rules. So the spirit of independent film should be called the revolt of freedom. So it is not hard to find that the characters in the independent films are usually uninhibited. Take David Lynchs Wild at Heart as an example. In this film, a couple cannot be together because of several reasons, but they use a lot of lurid ways to try to get together. This film shows peoples restless though bloody violent scenes, it full of Freud style analysis. But this film also shows a little bit romantic, the other extremely way to love each other. Wild at Heart is also a typical rock film, the main character in the film usually drives a car on the high way and show up in the public like a rock singer. After Wild at Heart, Lost Highway basically continued the story has been told in Wild at Heart, the style, characteristic and even the main actor Nicholas Cage has not been change. But this time, a lot of videotapes about privacy have been instead of abstract of pressures from society. This experimental film described the darkness side of people, it is the most strange and inscrut able film in all his films. Compare with Oliver Stones films, David Lynchs films are really tender. Oliver Stones Natural Born Killers can be called the most violent film in all the 90s American independent films. In this film, he broke all the rules that had been showed on the screen, he did not even care about the audiences, just showed the extremely violent to audiences. This is not only an irony to Hollywood, but also it is an irony to the darkness of American cultures. And this counterattack is hopeless, to the whole society: just a person can do nothing. So the character in the film just can kills people to release his anger and against the society. Natural Born Killers actually has some similarities with Quentin Tarantinos films, which is that they all used violence as the clue in their films. Especially in Kill Bill, the story itself is very simple, but Quentin Tarantino described violence in details, he even makes people think that violent is kind of aesthetical. But in fact, what he wants to tell is t he same as Natural Born Killers. Hollywoods Banishment or Incorporation of Independent Film Directors Since independent film was born, Hollywood always tries to incorporate the independent film directors. Usually, an independent film director will be incorporate into Hollywood after some of his films got successes. For example, Steven Soderbergh, after he directed his independent films Sex, Lies, and Videotape Traffic, he directed some commercial films like Oceans eleven Oceans twelve. But unfortunately, for audiences, he is one of the best directors of independent film, but for commercial film, he is not the best. But still there were a lot of directors have successes on commercial film, such as Oliver Stone and Gus Van Sant, they are both good at independent film and commercial film. Oliver Stone not only has commercial films like Born on the Fourth of July Heaven and Earth but also has famous unique independent film like Natural Born Killers. Gus Van Sant is much clever, he used the theme of the independent film to do it in commercial film way, Drugstore Cowboy To Die For Good Will Hunting these films are the typical. Of course, money is everything for Hollywood, if they think the independent film director can earn money for them, they will become animals. Even the film has done, if they do not think it will earn money, they will kill it without thinking. So this is why such a lot of independent film directors do not want to direct any Hollywood films. Because their films are like their babies, if Hollywood will kill their babies sometime, who will work for Hollywood? I do not think there is one. In conclusion, only when film directors are not controlled or limited by the sponsors, the really films will be create. Not only independent film will be free, but also any other types of film will be free. At that time, I believe there is just one type of film that is called good film.

Cosmic Teleology and the Crisis of the Sciences Essay example -- Philo

Cosmic Teleology and the Crisis of the Sciences ABSTRACT: This paper analyzes recent work from within the physical sciences which argue for the emergence of a new paradigm capable of unifying the sciences and demonstrating the ultimate meaningfulness of the universe. I argue that while there is powerful evidence for cosmic teleology, the works in question do not represent a new paradigm and neither unify science nor adequately accommodate the evidence in question, but rather attempt to "put new wine in old skins." As Aristotle demonstrated, only teleological argumentation offers a complete scientific explanation, and authentic teleology is effectively ruled out by the hegemonic scientific paradigm which gives first place to mathematical formalism-something which makes possible rigorous description but not authentic explanation. This does not mean returning to Aristotelian science, but rather exploring the "road not taken" when Aristotelian science entered a crisis at the end of the medieval period: generalizing the concept of tele ology so that it can accommodate both the physical (especially astronomical) evidence which created problems for Aristotelian science long before Galileo and Kepler, and account teleologically for such phenomena as chaos and disintegration. The work of scientists like Gal-Or, Bohm, and Prigogine provides important resources for moving in this direction, but a more explicit option for teleology is necessary if the evidence is to be accommodated and the internal contradictions of the existing paradigm to be resolved. There has been considerable discussion in recent years regarding the emergence of a new scientific paradigm centered on holism and self-organization. This discussion has been motivated... ...ohn and Sylla, Edith. 1978 "The Science of Motion," in David Lindberg, editor, Science in the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pedersen, Olaf. 1978. "Astronomy," in David Lindberg, editor, Science in the Middle Ages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pines, David (ed.). 1987. Emerging Syntheses in Science, New York: Addison Wesley. Prigogine, Ilya. 1977. Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems, with Nicolis, G. New York: Wiley. ________. 1979. From Being to Becoming: Time and Complexity in the Physical Sciences. New York: Freeman. ________. 1984. Order Out of Chaos, with Stengers, I. New York: Basic. ________. 1988. "An Alternative to Quantum Theory," with Tomio Petrosky, in Physica 147A: 461-486. Spinoza, Baruch. 1677/1955. Ethics. New York: Dover Tipler, Frank. 1994. The Physics of Immortality, New York: Doubleday

Jean-Paul Sartre’s Play No Exit Essays -- Existentialism Sartre No Exi

Jean-Paul Sartre’s Play â€Å"No Exit† Existentialism is a very confusing concept to understand. Existentialism is a school of thought, so to speak, where people believe that for every action there is a reaction. Moreover, most of the time, the reaction is a negative one. There is the basic understanding that humans have free will. They have the choice to do whatever they feel in life, which in turn makes life very stressful. Our choices obviously result in some other consequence, and as I said, the consequences, though we may not notice, are negative ones. That is something that cannot really be explained. That is something that happens a lot. Many things are irrational, absurd, and really have no explanation whatsoever. The only that is for sure in our lives is once you decide to do something, you must follow through with it completely and accept whatever may come to you afterwards. Existentialism is sometimes very hard to live by because of the beliefs that go along it with. Someone who is an existentialist believes that human choice is subjective, and that we must makes our decisions not based on outside influences such as laws or ethical standards set forth by society. Since we free our selves of the pressures of outside traditions and ways, we must be completely responsible for any choice we make. There is also a very dark side to existentialism. There is always that question of who are we, why are we here, and how can we make meaning of this life? Because you a...

The Linguistic Situation of South Africa :: essays research papers fc

When it comes to linguistics, South Africa is like a melting pot of languages. In total, South Africa has eleven major languages coming from both Africa and Europe. The major languages used are Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sesotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa and Zulu. In order to understand how each of these languages arrived in South Africa, we must first look at the history of people living in the country. The first identified language spoken in the South Africa was Khoisan. This language was spoken by the indigenous people of South Africa, the Khoikhio, who lived mainly in the southern coastal regions of the country. Over the years this language has slowly faded away along with the native Khoikhio people. Today there are only a few native South Africans left who can still speak Khoisan living in the western sections of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some time around the eighth century many Bantu tribes migrated south from central Africa into the northern territories of South Africa. Each of these Bantu tribes brought with them their own distinct Bantu language—nine of which still remain and are recognized today as official languages by the South African Government. These languages are used throughout the African population, which makes up three quarters of South Africa’s people. These languages include: Sesotho, Tsonga, Pedi, Tswana, Venda; and the Nguni group of Bantu languages: Xhosa, Ndebele, Swazi, and Zulu.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the present, Zulu is the Bantu language with the largest number of speakers. In KwaZulu and Natal there are nine million people that speak this language. Falling right behind with seven million speakers is the language of Xhosa. Xhosa can be found around Transei, Ciskei, and on the Eastern Cape. The official language of Swaziland is Swazi with two million speakers. The last Nguni language is Ndebele, which is spoken by half a million people in some northeastern parts of South Africa. Between the four separate Nguni languages there are 12 different dialects. Pedi and Sesotho are both a part of the Sotho group of Bantu Languages and they share 11 different dialects. Pedi is the strongest language in the Sotho group. Pedi has four million speakers all over the country. Three million people in Qwaqwa and Orange Free State speak Sesotho. Tsonga, which has four dialects, has four million speakers living in Mozambique and Swaziland. Tswana spoken in Botswana has aroun d three million speakers. Venda, spoken mainly in Transvaal, has over half a million speakers.

Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image?

â€Å"Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image? † Nanci Hellmich’s â€Å"Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image? † published in Elements of Argument summarizes the effects models’ images have on young girls. Hellmich brings to our attention the influence models have on the female mindset. Psychologist, Sharon Lamb, points out that it is perfectly normal that girls want to look good, but it should not be their main focus (706). Many of the models developing a serious eating disorder, is portraying to young girls that having an eating disorder or being extremely thin is the standard way to look (706).The issue of body image is one, which grows greater as the years go on. An ex-Victoria Secret model was â€Å"shocked† by how thinner their figures are becoming (705). From a very young age, girls are hit from every direction to have a thin body. Whether it is television, movies, or magazines. Having a tremendously thin body in today’s so ciety is what is expected. Hellmich’s purpose is to show the negative vibe models’ give off to the younger generations of girls. In the world today, girls feel as though if they do not look exactly like the models’ they see all over media, than they are over weight.She also points out that being thin is not the only issue people face. They also face the issue of being overweight, which also affects a person’s health (707). Hellmich does an outstanding job at showing us professional input using ethos. She points out that psychologist and eating-disorder experts think fashion industries have push models into dangerously unhealthy body types (705). Professor of psychiatrics in Chicago states, â€Å"super-thin models can play a role in causing anorexia† (706).The models that young girls of this time are looking up to are pushing themselves to develop a life stopping eating disorder. Pathos is found when we think about how young the impression of what a re bodies are suppose to look like begins. Researchers have found that young girls start getting this message as young as first grade (707). Even at an age as early as that they feel that the culture is telling them that they have to look like a model. Writers for magazines say that girls should not wish to look like the models they envy because they are â€Å"freaks of nature† (707).Sarah Murnen, a professor of psychology, conducted a study with girls ages ten and older on what level they had with their body esteem. More then 6,000 girls had poor body image from the exposure they had to fashion magazines, where as a trivial 18 percent rejected the image of models and felt comfortable with their bodies (707). Hellmich brings out numerous facts on the issue of body image in young girls. Glamour’s points out that they believe that every woman no matter what shape or size deserves respect. They do not run photographs of women who are at an unhealthy weight.Every woman can look wonderful without wearing a smaller size (708). This shows the majority of magazine producers are making it a priority to select women for their magazines who are of all shapes and sizes. The tone of this article is one of concerned and worried. Concern for the younger generations of girls and what they see as beautiful. As the seasons pass, ex-models are noticing the differences in the models weight. Psychologist and experts are beginning to worry about the influence models are having on very impressionable females.Over all, the article’s claims are effective. Showing girls who think looking like an extremely thin model is not the best choice. The terrible measures girls have to take to look like the world is telling them to look, can be dangerous and life taking. Works Cited Hellmich, Nanci, â€Å"Do Thin Models Warp Girls’ Body Image? † Pediatrics, Vol. 114, No. 3, September 2004. Rpt. in Elements of Argument: A Text and Reader. 10th ed. Annette T, Rott enberg and Donna Haisty Winchell. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. 705-709. Print.

Compare the Structure and Function of Collagen and Haemoglobin Essay

hemoglobin is a transport protein that carries group O from the lungs to the tissues and carries carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs. In piece to mathematical pass near efficiently, hemoglobin ineluctably to bind to group O tightly when the oxygen concentration is high in the lungs and be able to release oxygen quick in the relatively low incomplete pressure in the tissues. I willing be comparing the social organisation and function of haemoglobin with the body grammatical construction and function of collagen, which is a structural protein. Collagens functions be quite an dissentent from those of world(a) proteins such as enzymes tough bundles of collagen called collagen fibers ar a major comp adeptnt of the extracellular matrix that supports most tissues and gives cells grammatical construction from the exposeside. Collagen is also present in certain cells as it has great flexible strength, and is the main component of fascia, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone and teeth. first Structure the number, type and sequence of amino group ditsThe primary level of structure in a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids, create by a compaction reaction. The primary structure of these proteins argon in truth different. The haemoglobin soupcon consists of quadruple polypeptide (globin) durance, where as collagen is made up of three polypeptide chains wound round apiece other. In Haemoglobin there are a wide range of amino acid constituents in the primary structure, in blood line 35% of collagens primary structure is glycine. This difference in primary structure causes the proteins themselves to be different due to the headmaster different primary structure the haemoglobin protein is soluble in water whereas the collagen protein is not. alternate winding structure Formed when the chain of amino acid coils or turn outs to pains an of import whorl or important pleated sheet.Haemoglobin is comprised of four polypeptide subunits, two with alpha helix secondary structure and two with beta pleated sheet form. All four components contain a heme group that stick out bind to oxygen, and all four components moldiness be present to form haemoglobin. The constellation of the haemaglobin affects its ability to carry oxygen, and travel freely throughout the circulatory system. Whereas Collagens secondary structure involves three strands of protein bonded together mingled with the chains with hydrogen bondsand then twist into a helix that is referred to as a collagen helix.Tertiary structure the last(a) three dimensional shape of protein is formed when these coils and pleats coil or fold. Due to interactions in the midst of R-groups of the different amino acids. The third structure or overall shape of collagen protein subunits is a helical chain. Due to the ways in which the amino acids are put the protein trick be hydrophobic or hydrophilic. oil-soluble proteins, like haemoglobin will fold with th e hydrophobic side on the inner and the hydrophilic side on the outside. As with all proteins the tertiary structure of each subunit is held in place by a number of bonds and interactions, these interation give the subunits and social unit molecule very specific shapes, this is wherefore haemoglobin and collagen differ so greatly in structure and in function as the shape of the molecule (due to the tertiary structure) is vital for the molecule to carry out its function.Quaternary structure some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide subunit joined together. The quaternary structure of haemoglobin consists of four polypeptide subunits. Two are called alpha chains and two are called beta chains. The four subunits together form one haemoglobin molecule, which is water soluble. In comparison, The quaternary structure of collagen consists of three left helices twisted into a right-handed coil. ropy proteins, like collagen contain polypeptide chains arranged in long strand s or sheets, whereas globular proteins, like haemoglobin have polypeptide chains that are folded in a orbicular shape.Due to the differences in structure of collagen and haemoglobin their shape and function also differ greatly. The triple helix structure of collagen gives the structure strength and therefore the function of collagen is to lead mechanical strength in many a(prenominal) areas. Where as the presence of a prosthetic group, Haem, in the structure of haemoglobin bureau oxygen can bind to the iron. This factor that one complete haemoglobin molecule can bind up to four